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	Author	Connor, R.J.; Kawaoka, Y.; Webster, R.G.; Paulson, J.C.
	Title	Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Virology	Abbreviated Journal	Virology
	Volume	205	Issue	1	Pages	17-23
	Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids/genetics; Animals; Carbohydrate Sequence; Chick Embryo; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics; Influenza A virus/metabolism; Molecular Sequence Data; Receptors, Virus/metabolism; Species Specificity; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
	Abstract	The receptor specificity of 56 H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates from various animal species has been determined to test the relevance of receptor specificity to the ecology of influenza virus. The results show that the receptor specificity of both H2 and H3 isolates evaluated for sialic acid linkage specificity and inhibition of hemagglutination by horse serum correlates with the species of origin, as postulated earlier for H3 strains based on a limited survey of five human, three avian, and one equine strain. Elucidation of the amino acid sequence of several human H2 receptor variants and analysis of known sequences of H2 and H3 isolates revealed that receptor specificity varies in association with an amino acid change at residues 228 in addition to the change at residue 226 previously documented to affect receptor specificity of H3 but not H1 isolates. Residues 226 and 228 are leucine and serine in human isolates, which preferentially bind sialic acid alpha 2,6-galactose beta 1,4-N-acetyl glucosamine (SA alpha 2,6Gal), and glutamine and glycine in avian and equine isolates, which exhibit specificity for sialic acid alpha-2,3-galactose beta-1,3-N-acetyl galactosamine (SA alpha 2,3Gal). The results demonstrate that the correlation of receptor specificity and species of origin is maintained across both H2 and H3 influenza virus serotypes and provide compelling evidence that influenza virus hosts exert selective pressure to maintain the receptor specificity characteristics of strains isolated from that species.
	Address	Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1737
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-6822	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7975212			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2662
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	Author	Parker, S.T.
	Title	A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	75-86
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity
	Abstract	This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication.
	Address	Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9170562			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4160
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	Author	Loveland, K.A.
	Title	Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	254-257
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521267			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4161
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	Author	Henry, S.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Hausberger, M.
	Title	Influence of various early human-foal interferences on subsequent human-foal relationship			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Developmental psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	48	Issue	8	Pages	712-718
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Animals, Newborn/psychology; Animals, Suckling/psychology; Behavior, Animal; Female; Handling (Psychology); Horses/psychology; Humans; Mothers/psychology; *Object Attachment; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Whereas the way animals perceive human contact has been particularly examined in pet animals, a small amount of investigations has been done in domestic ungulates. It was nevertheless assumed that, as pet animals, non-aggressive forms of tactile contact were as well rewarding or positive for these species, even though the features of intraspecific relationships in pet animals and domestic ungulates may be to some extent different.We test here the hypothesis that horses may not consider physical handling by humans as a positive event. When comparing different early human-foal interactions, we found that early exposure to a motionless human enhanced slightly foals reactions to humans whereas forced stroking or handling in early life did not improve later human-foal relation. Foals that were assisted during their first suckling (e.g., brought to the dam's teat) even tended to avoid human approach at 2 weeks, and physical contact at 1 month of age.We argue that interspecies differences may exist in how tactile stimulation is perceived. It may be important for the establishment of a bond that a young animal is active in the process and able, through its behavioral responses, to help define what is positive for it. This way of investigation may have important general implications in how we consider the development of social relations, both within and between species.
	Address	UMR CNRS 6552, Ethologie-Evolution-Ecologie, Universite de Rennes 1, Avenue du General Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France. severine.henry@univ-rennes1.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17111402			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1781
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	Author	Previc, F.H.
	Title	Thyroid hormone production in chimpanzees and humans: implications for the origins of human intelligence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	American Journal of Physical Anthropology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Phys Anthropol
	Volume	118	Issue	4	Pages	402-3; discussion 404-5
	Keywords	Animals; Humans; Intelligence; Pan troglodytes/metabolism; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones/*biosynthesis
	Abstract
	Address	Northrop Grumman Information Technology, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA. fred.previc@brooks.af.mil
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9483	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12124921			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4108
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	Author	Heistermann, M.; Palme, R.; Ganswindt, A.
	Title	Comparison of different enzyme-immunoassays for assessment of adrenocortical activity in primates based on fecal analysis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	68	Issue	3	Pages	257-273
	Keywords	11-Hydroxycorticosteroids/analysis; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology; Anesthesia; Animals; Corticosterone/analysis; Feces/chemistry; Glucocorticoids/analysis; Haplorhini/metabolism; Hydrocortisone/analysis; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects/physiology; Immunoenzyme Techniques/*methods; Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects/physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Most studies published to date that used fecal glucocorticoid measurements to assess adrenocortical activity in primate (and many nonprimate) species applied a specific cortisol or corticosterone assay. However, since these native glucocorticoids are virtually absent in the feces of most vertebrates, including primates, the validity of this approach has recently been questioned. Therefore, the overall aim of the present study was to assess the validity of four enzyme-immunoassays (EIAs) using antibodies raised against cortisol, corticosterone, and reduced cortisol metabolites (two group-specific antibodies) for assessing adrenocortical activity using fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (GCM) measurements in selected primate species (marmoset, long-tailed macaque, Barbary macaque, chimpanzee, and gorilla). Using physiological stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis by administering exogenous ACTH or anesthesia, we demonstrated that at least two assays detected the predicted increase in fecal GCM levels in response to treatment in each species. However, the magnitude of response varied between assays and species, and no one assay was applicable to all species. While the corticosterone assay generally was of only limited suitability for assessing glucocorticoid output, the specific cortisol assay was valuable for those species that (according to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis data) excreted clearly detectable amounts of authentic cortisol into the feces. In contrast, in species in which cortisol was virtually absent in the feces, group-specific assays provided a much stronger signal, and these assays also performed well in the other primate species tested (except the marmoset). Collectively, the data suggest that the reliability of a given fecal glucocorticoid assay in reflecting activity of the HPA axis in primates clearly depends on the species in question. Although to date there is no single assay system that can be used successfully across species, our data suggest that group-specific assays have a high potential for cross-species application. Nevertheless, regardless of which GC antibody is chosen, our study clearly reinforces the necessity of appropriately validating the respective assay system before it is used.
	Address	Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Center, Gottingen, Germany. mheiste@gwdg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16477600			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4078
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	Author	Heath-Lange, S.; Ha, J.C.; Sackett, G.P.
	Title	Behavioral measurement of temperament in male nursery-raised infant macaques and baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	47	Issue	1	Pages	43-50
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Technicians; Animals; Animals, Newborn/psychology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Defecation; Facial Expression; Humans; Irritable Mood; Macaca fascicularis/psychology; Male; Papio/psychology; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity; Temperament/physiology; Urination; Vocalization, Animal; Weaning
	Abstract	We define temperament as an individual's set of characteristic behavioral responses to novel or challenging stimuli. This study adapted a temperament scale used with rhesus macaques by Schneider and colleagues [American Journal of Primatology 25:137-155, 1991] for use with male pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina, n = 7), longtailed macaque (M. fascicularis, n = 3), and baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus anubis, n = 4). Subjects were evaluated twice weekly for the first 5 months of age during routine removal from their cages for weighing. Behavioral measures were based on the subject's interactions with a familiar human caretaker and included predominant state before capture, response to capture, contact latency, resistance to tester's hold, degree of clinging, attention to environment, defecation/urination, consolability, facial expression, vocalizations, and irritability. Species differences indicated that baboons were more active than macaques in establishing or terminating contact with the tester. Temperament scores decreased over time for the variables Response to Capture and Contact Latency, indicating that as they grew older, subjects became less reactive and more bold in their interactions with the tester. Temperament scores changed slowly with age, with greater change occurring at younger ages. The retention of variability in reactivity between and within species may be advantageous for primates, reflecting the flexibility necessary to survive in a changing environment.
	Address	Department of Psychology and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. crgsjh@vmmc.org
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9888720			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4117
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	Author	Nicol, C.J.; Potzsch, C.; Lewis, K.; Green, L.E.
	Title	Matched concurrent case-control study of risk factors for feather pecking in hens on free-range commercial farms in the UK			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	British poultry science	Abbreviated Journal	Br Poult Sci
	Volume	44	Issue	4	Pages	515-523
	Keywords	Aggression; Analysis of Variance; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Chickens/physiology; Feathers; Female; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity
	Abstract	1. The aim of the study was to compare the management and husbandry of free-range flocks in the UK where feather pecking was either present (case) or absent (control). 2. One hundred flocks were enrolled into a concurrent case-control study: 50 where birds had recently started feather pecking, and 50 matched control flocks where birds of the same age had not started feather pecking. 3. Information was obtained from a detailed interview with the flock manager, and by direct inspection of the flock, house and range. 4. Initial univariate analyses revealed that case flocks were more likely to comprise ISA Brown than Lohmann, were more likely to be restricted from litter areas to prevent floor eggs, and were less likely to use the outside range. 5. Cluster analysis indicated that feather pecking was not associated with any particular husbandry system. 6. The only influential risk factor significant in the multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was use of the outdoor range. The risk of feather pecking was reduced 9-fold in flocks where more than 20% of birds used the range on sunny days (odds ratio = 0.12). Use of the range was positively associated with the presence of trees and/or hedges on the range.
	Address	Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, England. c.j.nicol@bris.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0007-1668	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14584840			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	79
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	Author	Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Vail, R.; Devous, S.; Schwend, S.; Baker, C.B.; Wiesner, L.
	Title	Diurnal variation of plasma testosterone in wild stallions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Biology of reproduction	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Reprod
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	98-101
	Keywords	Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Horses/blood; Male; Montana; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Species Specificity; Testosterone/*blood
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-3363	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:986195			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	149
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	Author	Parr, L.A.; Winslow, J.T.; Hopkins, W.D.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Recognizing facial cues: individual discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	114	Issue	1	Pages	47-60
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning; Facial Expression; Female; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Perceptual Masking; *Social Perception; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Faces are one of the most salient classes of stimuli involved in social communication. Three experiments compared face-recognition abilities in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In the face-matching task, the chimpanzees matched identical photographs of conspecifics' faces on Trial 1, and the rhesus monkeys did the same after 4 generalization trials. In the individual-recognition task, the chimpanzees matched 2 different photographs of the same individual after 2 trials, and the rhesus monkeys generalized in fewer than 6 trials. The feature-masking task showed that the eyes were the most important cue for individual recognition. Thus, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys are able to use facial cues to discriminate unfamiliar conspecifics. Although the rhesus monkeys required many trials to learn the tasks, this is not evidence that faces are not as important social stimuli for them as for the chimpanzees.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Emory University. parr@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10739311			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	191
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