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Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Tactical deception in primates: the 1990 database |
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1990 |
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Primate Reports |
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Primate Rep. |
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27 |
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1-101 |
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German Primate Center |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6172 |
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Spear, N.E.; Miller, J.S.; Jagielo, J.A. |
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Animal Memory and Learning |
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1990 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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41 |
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1 |
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169-211 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3538 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.; Henzi, S.P. |
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Title |
Social relationships of mountain baboons: Leadership and affiliation in a non-female-bonded monkey |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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American journal of primatology |
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Am. J. Primatol. |
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20 |
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4 |
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313-329 |
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relationships; one-male groups; female-bonding; spacing; support; Papio ursinus; Papio hamadryas |
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Abstract 10.1002/ajp.1350200409.abs Instead of close and differentiated relationships among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision-making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach-retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one-male; male-female relationships in one were like those in a unit of a hamadryas male at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an old hamadryas male, who still leads the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monopolizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross-sex-bonded” than “female bonded”. |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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1098-2345 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5309 |
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Author |
Sawaguchi, T.; Kudo, H. |
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Title |
Neocortical development and social structure in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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31 |
Issue |
2 |
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283-289 |
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Neocortex – Relative size – Allometry – Congeneric group – Social structure – Monogyny – Polygyny – Primates |
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Abstract  The relationships between the relative size of the neocortex and differences in social structures were examined in prosimians and anthropoids. The relative size of the neocortex (RSN) of a given congeneric group in each superfamily of primates was measured based on the allometric relationships between neocortical volume and brain weight for each superfamily, to control phylogenetic affinity and the effects of brain size. In prosimians, “troop-making†congeneric groups (N=3) revealed a significantly larger RSN than solitary groups (N=6), and there was a significant, positive correlation between RSN and troop size. In the case of anthropoids, polygynous/frugivorous groups (N=5) revealed a significantly larger RSN than monogynous/frugivorous groups (N=8). Furthermore, a significant, positive correlation between RSN and troop size was found for frugivorous congeneric groups of the Ceboidea. These results suggest that neocortical development is associated with differences in social structure among primates. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4799 |
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Author |
McCall, C.A. |
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Title |
A Review of Learning Behavior in Horses and its Application in Horse Training |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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68 |
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1 |
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75-81 |
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A literature review of the equine learning research conducted in the past 20 yr revealed that the purpose of most of the studies was to determine whether horses respond to learning situations in the same way that other animals do. The results indicated that horses can discriminate many different types of stimuli, and they learn through stimulus-response- reinforcement chains. Most equine learning studies have utilized learning tasks depending on primary positive reinforcement to get the horses to work the tests. Yet, the majority of horse trainers use negative reinforcement more often than primary positive reinforcement in their training procedures. Therefore, past research often did not have a direct application to training methods commonly utilized in the horse industry. Research also demonstrated that 1) early experiences of horses can affect learning ability later, 2) equine memory is efficient and 3) concentrating learning mals in long training sessions decreases equine learning efficiency. Many factors that might affect equine learning ability and be applicable to training practices in the horse industry have not been thoroughly investigated; for example, interactions between nutrition and learning and between exercise and learning, the use of negative and secondary reinforcements in horse training, and the horse's ability to make few initial errors compared to its ability to eliminate errors as training progresses all require investigation in future equine learning studies. N1 - |
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1992 |
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Author |
Huizinga, H.A.; Boukamp, M.; Smolders, G. |
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Title |
Estimated parameters of field performance testing of mares from the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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Livestock Production Science |
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26 |
Issue |
4 |
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291-299 |
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competition; genetic parameters; horse breeding; mares; performance test |
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The field performance testing (FPT) of mares of the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population is evaluated. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of scored traits are estimated and the genetic relationship with performance of half-sibs in dressage and jumping competition are estimated. Data from 1984 to 1987 are used, covering scores from 2023 at least 3-year-old mares. Seven subjectively scored traits are considered, walk, trot, canter, riding ability, character, jumping ability and total score. Analysis of data is according to a sire model. Variance and covariance components are estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedures. Estimates of heritability are moderately low for gaits (average 0.19), jumping ability (0.15) and total score (0.17) and extremely low for riding ability (0.03) and character (0.06). Dressage in competition is most correlated with riding ability (0.83) and is moderately correlated with total score (0.41) from FPT of mares. Jumping competition is most correlated with jumping ability (0.48) and not correlated with total score (0.05) from field test of mares. Some possible bias owing to previous knowledge and preselection is discussed. It is concluded that efficiency of present FPT of mares is limited for selection of broodmares for dressage and jumping ability in competition. |
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3964 |
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Author |
Philipsson, J.; Arnason, T.; Bergsten, K. |
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Title |
Alternative selection strategies for performance of the Swedish warmblood horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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Livestock Production Science |
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24 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
273-285 |
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The Swedish riding horse population includes about 6000 broodmares and 150 breeding stallions. The overall breeding goal is to produce riding horses competitive in several disciplines, i.e. dressage as well as showjumping and eventing. The effectiveness of this multi-purpose objective was studied in alternative strategies for selecting stallions and mares as candidate dams for them. The alternative selection strategies for stallions included 1-stage (conformation), 2-stage (conformation and performance test) and 3-stage (conformation, performance test and competition results at advanced levels) selection schemes. The mare selection schemes included the corresponding 1- and 2-stage selection schemes. The results clearly showed the 2-stage selection procedure to be most efficient, especially for stallions. It is important that the intensity in selection after the performance test is kept high. Differences in defining the breeding objective are less important, provided the selection is based on a performance test including both dressage and jumping. According to the results, the development of the Swedish performance testing scheme, in which now only 30% of the tested stallions are selected for breeding, seems justified. In mare selection schemes, performance tests also seem to be justified, especially if jumping ability is to be improved. Differences between field and station tests are only minor and since the volume of testing can be much higher in the field this would allow a much stronger selection and should thus be preferred. |
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3965 |
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Author |
Cuthill, I.; Kacelnik, A. |
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Title |
Central place foraging: a reappraisal of the `loading effect' |
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1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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40 |
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6 |
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1087-1101 |
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Animals that provision a central place usually bring back larger loads when foraging far from home. This positive correlation between average load size and distance is typically explained as rate-maximizing behaviour in the face of a trade-off between travel costs and a decelerating rate of prey gain in food patches (the `loading effect'). By using feeders to provide wild parent starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, with constant rates of prey loading, a positive load-distance correlation was shown to exist in the absence of a loading effect (experiment I). However, in a laboratory simulation where no load was transported (experiment II). the average number of prey eaten in patch visits by self-feeding starlings was invariant with travel distance, so the explanation of the load-distance correlation in experiment I must lie in featues peculiar to central place foraging. Bottlenecks in ingestion by chicks and interruption by visual detection of nest disturbance (experiment III) were rejected as causes of the correlation. Risks of dropping prey in flight appeared low, but the risk of kleptoparasitism received weak support. The travel-load size correlation may be an adaptive response to load transport costs, as return travel times increased with the load size being carried (experiment IV). |
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2116 |
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Reboreda, J.C.; Kacelnik, A. |
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On cooperation, tit-for-tat and mirros |
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1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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40 |
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6 |
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1188-1189 |
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2117 |
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Cassini, M.H.; Kacelnik, A.; Segura, E.T. |
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The tale of the screaming hairy armadillo, the guinea pig and the marginal value theorem |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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39 |
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6 |
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1030-1050 |
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Foraging by screaming hairy armadillos, Chaetophractus vellerosus, and guinea pigs, Cavia porcellus, was studied in the laboratory. The main question was whether patch exploitation varies with overall capture rate as predicted by the marginal value theorem (MVT). Armadillos in experiment I and guinea pigs in experiment II experienced a single travel time between depleting patches of two kinds: good and poor. There were two treatments, which differed in the quality of poor patches. MVT predicts that within a treatment, more prey should be taken from good than from poor patches and between treatments, good patches should be exploited in inverse relation to the quality of poor patches and poor patches should be exploited in direct relation to their own quality. In experiment III, guinea pigs experienced three treatments which differed in the travel requirement, while the two patch types remained the same. MVT predicts that within a treatment more prey should be taken from good than from poor patches and that between treatments more prey should be taken from both patch types as travel requirement increases. The qualitative predictions were supported in the three experiments. The quantitative fit was good but there was a bias towards more severe patch exploitation than predicted. The results indicate that in these species patch exploitation depends on overall food availability as predicted by the MVT when overall food availability differs either because of patch type composition or because of differences in travel requirement between patches. |
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