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Author Schwarzenberger, F.; Mostl, E.; Bamberg, E.; Pammer, J.; Schmehlik, O.
Title Concentrations of progestagens and oestrogens in the faeces of pregnant Lipizzan, trotter and thoroughbred mares Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement Abbreviated Journal J Reprod Fertil Suppl
Volume 44 Issue Pages 489-499
Keywords Animals; Estrogens/*analysis; Feces/*chemistry; Female; Gestational Age; Horses/*metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Labor, Obstetric; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/*metabolism; Pregnenes/analysis; Progestins/*analysis
Abstract Faecal samples were collected at weekly intervals from pregnant Lipizzan mares during Weeks 7-16 following mating and from Lipizzan, Trotter and Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 months of gestation. After parturition, samples were taken daily from the Thoroughbred mares for another 6 days. Non-pregnant mares served as controls. The concentrations of unconjugated oestrogens (Eg), 20 alpha-OH-progestagens (20 alpha-G) and 20 beta-OH-progestagens (20 beta-G) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. In the faeces of Lipizzan mares, immunoreactive progestagens were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated above the levels in non-pregnant mares by Week 11, and Eg by Week 13 of pregnancy onwards. During the last 3 months of gestation, concentrations of Eg were significantly higher in Trotter mares than in Lipizzan and Thoroughbred mares. Concentrations of 20 alpha-G and 20 beta-G increased to maximal values in the last month of gestation. There was no significant difference among the 3 breeds with respect to 20 alpha-G but, during the 10 weeks before parturition, concentrations of 20 beta-G in the Lipizzan mares were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those in the Thoroughbred mares. They were also significantly lower than those of the Trotter mares during the last 4 weeks of gestation. After parturition, the concentrations of Eg and progestagens had declined to baseline values by Days 3 and 4 respectively. From these results we conclude that high concentrations of progestagens with 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxyl groups are present in the faeces of pregnant mares, especially during the last month of gestation.
Address Institut fur Biochemie, Veterinary Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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ISSN 0449-3087 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:1795293 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 322
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Author Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.; Barack, R.C.
Title Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Journal of learning disabilities Abbreviated Journal J Learn Disabil
Volume 11 Issue 9 Pages 540-548
Keywords *Attention; Child; Child, Preschool; Color Perception; Female; Humans; Hyperkinesis/*psychology; Male; Motor Skills; *Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0022-2194 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:731119 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 270
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Author Kumar, P.; Timoney, J.F.; Southgate, H.H.; Sheoran, A.S.
Title Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the nasal turbinates of the horse Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Anatomia, histologia, embryologia Abbreviated Journal Anat Histol Embryol
Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 103-109
Keywords Animals; Female; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Turbinates/*cytology/ultrastructure
Abstract The nasal turbinates of 5 young horses were studied by light and scanning electron-microscopy. Stratified cuboidal epithelium lined the rostral part of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates of the vestibular region. The polyangular microvillus cells of this region were separated by linear depressions. The mid and caudal parts of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates and the rostral part of the ethmoturbinates were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated respiratory epithelium. Numerous cilia with dilated blebs on the ciliated cells concealed adjacent non-ciliated supporting cells and goblet cells. The olfactory zone consisting of the olfactory vesicle and a dense network of olfactory cilia localized to the caudal part of the ethmoturbinates. The three regions were delineated from each other by transitional zones.
Address Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0099, USA
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0340-2096 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10932387 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 505
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Author Dusek, J.A.; Eichenbaum, H.
Title The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Abbreviated Journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume 94 Issue 13 Pages 7109-7114
Keywords Animals; Attention; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats
Abstract Human declarative memory involves a systematic organization of information that supports generalizations and inferences from acquired knowledge. This kind of memory depends on the hippocampal region in humans, but the extent to which animals also have declarative memory, and whether inferential expression of memory depends on the hippocampus in animals, remains a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience. To examine these issues, we used a test of transitive inference pioneered by Piaget to assess capacities for systematic organization of knowledge and logical inference in children. In our adaptation of the test, rats were trained on a set of four overlapping odor discrimination problems that could be encoded either separately or as a single representation of orderly relations among the odor stimuli. Normal rats learned the problems and demonstrated the relational memory organization through appropriate transitive inferences about items not presented together during training. By contrast, after disconnection of the hippocampus from either its cortical or subcortical pathway, rats succeeded in acquiring the separate discrimination problems but did not demonstrate transitive inference, indicating that they had failed to develop or could not inferentially express the orderly organization of the stimulus elements. These findings strongly support the view that the hippocampus mediates a general declarative memory capacity in animals, as it does in humans.
Address Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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ISSN 0027-8424 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:9192700 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 607
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Author Boyd, L.
Title Behavior problems of equids in zoos Type Journal Article
Year 1986 Publication The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice Abbreviated Journal Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
Volume 2 Issue 3 Pages 653-664
Keywords Aerophagy/veterinary; Aggression/psychology; Animals; *Animals, Zoo; *Behavior, Animal; Coprophagia/psychology; Female; *Horses; Impotence/veterinary; Male; Mastication; Motor Activity; *Perissodactyla; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Environment
Abstract Behavior problems in zoo equids commonly result from a failure to provide for needs basic to equine nature. Equids are gregarious, and failure to provide companions may result in pacing. Wild equids spend 60 to 70 per cent of their time grazing, and failure to provide ad libitum roughage contributes to the problems of pacing, cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia. Mimicking the normal processes of juvenile dispersal, bachelor-herd formation, and mate acquisition reduces the likelihood of agonistic and reproductive behavior problems. Infanticide can be avoided by introducing new stallions to herds containing only nonpregnant mares and older foals.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0749-0739 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:3492252 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 660
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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Greenwood, P.J.; Powell, R.P.
Title Ranks and relationships in Highland ponies and Highland Cows Type Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie Abbreviated Journal Z. Tierpsychol.
Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 202-216
Keywords Agonistic Behavior; Animals; *Cattle; Female; Grooming; *Horses; Male; *Social Dominance; Spatial Behavior
Abstract Recent studies of primates have questioned the importance of dominance hierarchies in groups living under natural conditions. In a herd of Highland ponies and one of Highland cattle grazing under free-range conditions on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) well defined hierarchies were present. The provision of food produced a marked increase in the frequency of agonistic interactions but had no effect on the rank systems of the two herds. While rank was clearly important in affecting the distribution of agonistic interactions, it was poorly related to behaviour in non-agonistic situations.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0044-3573 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:961125 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 661
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Author Keiper, R.; Houpt, K.
Title Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication American journal of veterinary research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res
Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 991-995
Keywords Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/*physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/*physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; *Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia
Abstract The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.
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ISSN 0002-9645 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:6732036 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 665
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Author Cook, M.; Mineka, S.; Wolkenstein, B.; Laitsch, K.
Title Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Journal of abnormal psychology Abbreviated Journal J Abnorm Psychol
Volume 94 Issue 4 Pages 591-610
Keywords Animals; *Conditioning, Classical; *Fear; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Snakes
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0021-843X ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:4078162 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 707
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Author Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Derrington, A.M.
Title The effect of stimulus height on visual discrimination in horses Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.
Volume 81 Issue 7 Pages 1715-1720
Keywords Animals; *Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology/*psychology; Male; Orientation; *Photic Stimulation; Vision/*physiology
Abstract This study investigated the effect of stimulus height on the ability of horses to learn a simple visual discrimination task. Eight horses were trained to perform a two-choice, black/white discrimination with stimuli presented at one of two heights: ground level or at a height of 70 cm from the ground. The height at which the stimuli were presented was alternated from one session to the next. All trials within a single session were presented at the same height. The criterion for learning was four consecutive sessions of 70% correct responses. Performance was found to be better when stimuli were presented at ground level with respect to the number of trials taken to reach the criterion (P < 0.05), percentage of correct first choices (P < 0.01), and repeated errors made (P < 0.01). Thus, training horses to carry out tasks of visual discrimination could be enhanced by placing the stimuli on the ground. In addition, the results of the present study suggest that the visual appearance of ground surfaces is an important factor in both horse management and training.
Address School of Land-based Studies, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst College Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England NG25 0QF. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:12854807 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 835
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Author Francis-Smith, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M.
Title Copropgagia as seen in thoroughbred foals Type Journal Article
Year 1977 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 155-157
Keywords animal; article; coprophagy; defecation; eating; female; horse; horse disease; human; mastication
Abstract Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development.
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1090
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