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Stephens, D.W.; Anderson, J.P.; Benson, K.E. |
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Title |
On the spurious occurrence of Tit for Tat in pairs of predator-approaching fish |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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53 |
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1 |
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113-131 |
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An experimental analysis of the movements of predator-approaching fish is presented. The experiments evaluated two competing hypotheses. (1) Predator-approaching fish play the game-theoretical strategy Tit for Tat. Alternatively, (2) the movements of predator-approaching fish superficially resemble Tit for Tat, because fish independently orient to a predator and simultaneously attempt to stay close together. Experimental subjects were mosquito fish,Gambusia affinisapproaching a green sunfish,Lepomis cyanellusTwo experiments were performed. Experiment 1 replicated results of Milinski (1987) and Dugatkin (1991), showing thatGambusiacome closer to a visible predator when a mirror is oriented parallel to their direction of travel. Experiment 2 attempted to separate the effects of common orientation and social cohesion in accounting for the frequency of Tit-for-Tat-like motions in pairs of predator-approachingGambusia. Results of experiment 2 suggest that a simple additive combination of the effects of (1) social cohesion in the absence of a visible predator and (2) orientation to a visible predator in the absence of a visible companion can account for the observed frequency of Tit-for-Tat-like motions for pairs of predator-approachingGambusia. It is concluded that predator approach in shoaling fishes is probably a simple by-product mutualism, rather than cooperation maintained by reciprocity in a Prisoner's Dilemma. |
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486 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Tit for Tat, by-product mutualism and predator inspection: a reply to Connor |
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Year |
1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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51 |
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2 |
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455-457 |
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487 |
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Wilson, D.S.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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A reply to Lombardi & Hurlbert |
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1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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52 |
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2 |
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423-425 |
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475 |
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Galef, B.G. |
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The adaptive value of social learning: a reply to Laland |
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1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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52 |
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3 |
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641-644 |
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566 |
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Monard, A.-M.; Duncan, P. |
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Title |
Consequences of natal dispersal in female horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
52 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
565-579 |
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Social, genetic and reproductive consequences of natal dispersal were investigated in female horses,Equus caballus, living in a herd with a natural social structure. Dispersal did not as a rule reduce the level of competition the young mares faced: they did not selectively join groups with fewer resident females than the groups they left, and they did not attain higher ranks; there was also no tendency for females to disperse to groups with the fewest resident females, and they suffered more aggression from the mares in their new groups than in their natal groups. These results therefore do not support the hypothesis that a function of natal dispersal is to reduce intra-sexual competition. The young mares nevertheless dispersed non-randomly, generally joining harems with one stallion and at least two subadult females; and they preferred to move to groups with familiar females but no familiar males. As a result, most were closely related to some females of their new groups, but distantly related or unrelated to the male(s). Since after dispersal the young mares bred only with a male of their new groups, inbreeding coefficients of most (85%) of their offspring were lower than from matings between half siblings. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a function of natal dispersal is to avoid close inbreeding. Dispersal did not appear to involve reproductive costs: the young mares suffered no delay in age at first reproduction, and the survival rates of their first foals tended to be higher if the females had emigrated, although not significantly so. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2386 |
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Author |
Lafleur, D.L.; Lozano, G.A.; Sclafani, M. |
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Title |
Female mate-choice copying in guppies,Poecilia reticulata: a re-evaluation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
579-586 |
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It has been argued that intraspecific mate-choice copying can be adaptive under certain conditions. Dugatkin's (1992,Am. Nat.139, 1384-1389) work with guppies,Poecilia reticulataremains the most influential experimental demonstration of this phenomenon. We replicated Dugatkin's work using several choice criteria to ensure that our results were not dependent upon any single method of judging mate choice. We also tested our findings against two null hypotheses of differing stringency. Irrespective of the choice criteria or null hypothesis used, we did not observe any relationship between female mate choice and copying. We conclude that further experimental evidence of female mate-choice copying is required before the existence of this behaviour can be affirmed. |
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484 |
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Author |
Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Cooperation and the Prisoner's Dilemma: towards testable models of mutualism versus reciprocity |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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3 |
Pages |
551-557 |
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For the purpose of distinguishing between mutualism and reciprocity in nature, recent work on the evolution of cooperation has both oversimplifed and undersimplified the distinction between these two categories of cooperation. This article addresses the resulting issues of model testability, clarifies the role of time and argues that the category of `pseudo-reciprocity' is an unnecessary complication. |
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480 |
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Castles, D.L.; Whiten, A.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Social anxiety, relationships and self-directed behaviour among wild female olive baboons |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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58 |
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6 |
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1207-1215 |
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Self-directed behaviour (SDB) can be used as a behavioural indicator of stress and anxiety in nonhuman primates (Maestripieri et al. 1992, Animal Behaviour, 44, 967-979). We investigated the effect of nearest neighbours' relative dominance status on the SDB of sexually mature female olive baboons, Papio anubis. When the animal nearest to (within 5 m of) a female was a dominant individual, SDB rates (a combined measure of self-scratching, self-grooming, self-touching, body shaking and yawning) increased by ca. 40% over those observed when the nearest neighbour was a subordinate. The results indicate that (1) SDB can be used as a measure of uncertainty during the social interactions of cercopithecine primates and (2) as there was considerable variation in SDB response according to the nature of the dominant individual, SDB can be used to assess relationship security (i.e. the perceived predictability of a relationship for one partner). Finally, in combination with measures of affiliation rate, SDB may provide insight into relationship value. |
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745 |
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Templeton, J.J. |
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Title |
Learning from others' mistakes: a paradox revisited |
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1998 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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55 |
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1 |
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79-85 |
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Some researchers have reported the paradoxical finding of enhanced social learning when naive observers learn from unskilled rather than skilled demonstrators, particularly in discrimination tasks. In two experiments with starlings,Sturnus vulgaris, I considered whether this enhanced learning is because the observer (1) sees incorrect responses only, (2) sees both correct and incorrect responses or (3) sees an increase in the proportion of correct responses over trials. In experiment 1, individual starlings observed a demonstrator bird perform multiple simultaneous discrimination tasks. In one group, the demonstrator always picked the correct stimulus; in another group, the demonstrator always picked the incorrect stimulus; in a third group, the demonstrator consistently picked the correct stimulus 50% of the time. Those subjects that observed only incorrect choices performed significantly better than the other two groups, but none of the birds achieved the 90% correct performance criterion. Experiment 2 involved a single discrimination task; thus, a fourth group was added to control for individual learning. Again, subjects that observed only incorrect responses learned the discrimination significantly more quickly than the other three groups. Subjects that observed the demonstrator make both correct and incorrect responses were equally likely to select the same (correct) or opposite (incorrect) stimulus when the demonstrator picked the correct stimulus. When the demonstrator picked the incorrect stimulus, however, these subjects were significantly more likely to pick the opposite (correct) stimulus. These findings suggest that when learning a discrimination problem, observing a foraging companion's lack of success is more informative than observing its success. |
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567 |
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Pavey, C.R.; Smyth, A.K. |
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Title |
Effects of avian mobbing on roost use and diet of powerful owls,Ninox strenua |
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1998 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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55 |
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2 |
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313-318 |
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We observed the species and numbers of mobbing birds and their effects on a large, nocturnal, bird-eating predator, the powerful owl, together with the pattern of owl predation on mobbing and non-mobbing species. Owls were mobbed on 35 occasions by seven of 44 species of forest birds at a site composed of open forest (88% by area) and rainforest (12%). The majority of bouts involved individuals of a single species, although mixed groups were observed on nine occasions. Regular mobbers were between 4 and 26% of the owls' body weight. Owls abandoned their daytime roosts during 20% of bouts and responded by calling or actively monitoring mobbers during 54% of bouts. Mobbing appeared to explain why owls roosted in rainforest significantly more often than expected by its availability, mobbing being significantly less frequent in rainforest than in open forest. Only one mobbing species regularly occupied rainforest and the canopy of roosts in rainforest was denser than that in open forest, thus reducing the chances of an owl being detected by potential mobbers. Twelve species of forest birds were within the range of prey size of the powerful owl (75-800 g): six were mobbers and six non-mobbers. The frequency of owl predation on non-mobbers was 8.75 times that on mobbers. The species in this study took a high risk by mobbing a very large predator, but benefited by greatly reducing their chances of predation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4090 |
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