| Records |
| Author |
Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Simultaneous discrimination learning in pigeons: value of S- affects the relative value of its associated S+ |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q J Exp Psychol B |
| Volume |
51 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
363-378 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Motivation; Orientation; Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
In a simple simultaneous discrimination involving a positive stimulus (S+) and a negative stimulus (S-), it has been hypothesized that positive value can transfer from the S+ to the S- (thus increasing the relative value of the S-) and also that negative value can transfer from the S- to the S+ (thus diminishing the relative value of the S+; Fersen, Wynne, Delius, & Staddon, 1991). Evidence for positive value transfer has been reported in pigeons (e.g. Zentall & Sherburne, 1994). The purpose of the present experiments was to determine, in a simultaneous discrimination, whether the S- diminishes the value of the S+ or the S- is contrasted with the S+ (thus enhancing the value of the S+). In two experiments, we found evidence for contrast, rather than value transfer, attributable to simultaneous discrimination training. Thus, not only does the S+ appear to enhance the value of the S-, but the S- appears to enhance rather than reduce the value of the S+. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0272-4995 |
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| Notes |
PMID:9854439 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
252 |
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| Author |
Urcuioli, P.J.; DeMarse, T.B.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Transfer across delayed discriminations: II. Differences in the substitutability of initial versus test stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
47-59 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae/physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Retention (Psychology)/physiology |
| Abstract |
In 2 experiments, pigeons were trained on, and then transferred to, delayed simple discriminations in which the initial stimuli signalled reinforcement versus extinction following a retention interval. Experiment 1 showed that discriminative responding on the retention test transferred to novel test stimuli that had appeared in another delayed simple discrimination but not to stimuli having the same reinforcement history off-baseline. By contrast, Experiment 2 showed that performances transferred to novel initial stimuli whether they had been trained on-baseline or off-baseline. These results suggest that the test stimuli in delayed simple discriminations acquire control over responding only in the memory task itself. On the other hand, control by the initial stimuli, if coded as outcome expectancies, does not require such task-specific training. |
| Address |
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364, USA. uche@psych.purdue.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:9438965 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
253 |
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| Author |
Linklater, W.L.; Cameron, E.Z.; Stafford, K.J.; Austin, T. |
| Title |
Chemical immobilisation and temporary confinement of two Kaimanawa feral stallions |
Type |
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| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
New Zealand veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
N Z Vet J |
| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
117-118 |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0048-0169 |
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| Notes |
PMID:16032032 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
412 |
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| Author |
Whiten, A. |
| Title |
Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
270-281 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; *Ceremonial Behavior; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Female; Fruit; Imitative Behavior/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Practice (Psychology); Problem Solving/*physiology |
| Abstract |
Imitation was studied experimentally by allowing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to observe alternative patterns of actions for opening a specially designed “artificial fruit.” Like problematic foods primates deal with naturally, with the test fruit several defenses had to be removed to gain access to an edible core, but the sequential order and method of defense removal could be systematically varied. Each subject repeatedly observed 1 of 2 alternative techniques for removing each defense and 1 of 2 alternative sequential patterns of defense removal. Imitation of sequential organization emerged after repeated cycles of demonstration and attempts at opening the fruit. Imitation in chimpanzees may thus have some power to produce cultural convergence, counter to the supposition that individual learning processes corrupt copied actions. Imitation of sequential organization was accompanied by imitation of some aspects of the techniques that made up the sequence. |
| Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. a.whiten@st-andrews.ac.uk |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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| Notes |
PMID:9770315 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
743 |
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| Author |
Mills, D.S. |
| Title |
Applying learning theory to the management of the horse: the difference between getting it right and getting it wrong |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
27 |
Pages |
44-48 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
Horses constantly modify their behaviour as a result of experience. This involves the creation of an association between events or stimuli. The influence of people on the modification and generation of certain behaviour patterns extends beyond the intentional training of the horse. The impact of any action depends on how it is perceived by the horse, rather than the motive of the handler. Negative and positive reinforcement increase the probability of specific behaviours recurring i.e. strengthen the association between events, whereas punishment reduces the probable recurrence of a behaviour without providing specific information about the desired alternative. In this paper the term 'punishers' is used to refer to the physical aids, such as a whip or crop, which may be used to bring about the process of punishment. However, if their application ceases when a specific behaviour occurs they may negatively reinforce that action. Intended 'punishers' may also be rewarding (e.g. for attention seeking behaviour). Therefore, contingency factors (which define the relationship between stimuli, such as the level of reinforcement), contiguity factors (which describe the proximity of events in space or time) and choice of reinforcing stimuli are critical in determining the rate of learning. The many problems associated with the application of punishment in practice lead to confusion by both horse and handler and, possibly, abuse of the former. Most behaviour problems relate to handling and management of the horse and can be avoided or treated with a proper analysis of the factors influencing the behaviour. |
| Address |
De Montfort University Lincoln, School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Caythorpe, Lincs., UK |
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English |
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| Notes |
PMID:10485004 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
845 |
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| Author |
Mills, D.S. |
| Title |
Personality and individual differences in the horse, their significance, use and measurement |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
27 |
Pages |
10-13 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; Personality |
| Abstract |
The biological diversity of a species gives rise to individual differences in behavioural tendency. Traditionally, this variation has been considered to be of little scientific importance or value, but the description and quantification of the fundamental basis of this variability is relevant to many aspects of equine science. The reliable identification of these features may allow the development of more accurate diagnostic and prognostic indicators for a range of clinical diseases. Biologically based traits also provide a more rational basis for selective management and breeding programmes in which specific behavioural tendencies are sought. Individual differences in behaviour also reflect the range of subjective feelings experienced by animals and therefore need to be understood by those concerned with animal welfare. Psychometric techniques concerned with the assessment of personality may provide a suitable basis for scientific study in this field. Potentially methodologies include: behavioural tests, objective behaviour measures or the quantification of reports from those familiar with the subjects. The assessment of the validity and reliability of the variables measured in these tests is an integral part of their development. Interobserver correlation in an experiment based on the subjective rating of 20 horses with respect to 14 familiar terms used to describe horse personality was generally low. This suggests that, with the exception of the terms 'flighty' and 'sharp', the empirical terminology commonly used to describe horse personality is unreliable. |
| Address |
De Montfort University Lincoln, School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Caythorpe, Lincs, UK |
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English |
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| Notes |
PMID:10484996 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1932 |
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| Author |
Cooper, J.J.; Mason, G.J. |
| Title |
The identification of abnormal behaviour and behavioural problems in stabled horses and their relationship to horse welfare: a comparative review |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
27 |
Pages |
5-9 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; *Housing, Animal/standards; *Stereotyped Behavior |
| Abstract |
Many behaviours in domestic animals, such as the 'stable vices' of horses, are treated because they are considered undesirable for economic or cultural reasons, and not because the activity affects the horse's quality of life. The impact of a behaviour on the human reporter is not a function of its impact on the animal performer, and an understanding of the causes and effects of the particular activity is necessary to assess the costs and benefits of treatment. Where the behaviour is a sign of poor welfare, such as an inadequate environment, treatment can best be achieved by removing these underlying causal factors. Pharmacological or physical prevention of a behaviour can be justified only if the behaviour causes harm to the performer or to others. In these cases, prevention of the behaviour without addressing its causes is no cure and may result in its perseverance in a modified form or the disruption of the animal's ability to adapt to its environment. Where the behavioural 'problem' causes no harm and is not related to poor housing, then the education of the reporter, rather than treatment of the performer, may be the best solution. |
| Address |
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK |
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English |
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| Notes |
PMID:10484995 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1933 |
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| Author |
Summerley, H.L.; Thomason, J.J.; Bignell, W.W. |
| Title |
Effect of rider and riding style on deformation of the front hoof wall in warmblood horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
26 |
Pages |
81-85 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Female; Gait/*physiology; Hoof and Claw/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Videotape Recording; Weight-Bearing |
| Abstract |
A rider modifies the weight distribution and dynamic balance of the horse. But what effect does a rider have on the mechanical behaviour of the hoof during each stance phase? Does riding style have any effect on this behaviour? We attempted to answer these questions using strains recorded from 5 rosette strain gauges glued to the surface of the front hooves of 4 Warmblood horses. Comparisons were made between strains with and without a rider, and when the rider was sitting, rising at a trot, or in a forward seated position. The change in strains from trot to lead or nonlead at a canter, and the effect of turning were also studied. Changing lead at a canter had as least as much effect on strain magnitudes as did turning; strains were up to 43% higher for the nonlead foot, but with little redistribution. Perhaps surprisingly, strains were significantly lower on the quarters by up to 30% with a rider than without, with a 10% increase or decrease at the toe, depending on the individual. Riding style changed strain magnitudes by up to 20% and also caused strain redistribution: strains were higher medially for sitting, and laterally for forward seat, with strains for a rising trot being more evenly distributed and intermediate in magnitude. Studying the range of, and causes of variation in hoof wall strain gives baseline data aimed, in the long term, at providing a biomechanical definition of hoof balance. |
| Address |
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada |
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English |
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| Notes |
PMID:9932097 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1934 |
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| Author |
Aronson, L. |
| Title |
Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression directed toward other horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
| Volume |
213 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
358-359 |
| Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Follow-Up Studies; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis/drug therapy/psychology; Horses/*psychology; Housing, Animal; Hypothyroidism/diagnosis/drug therapy/*veterinary; Male; Physical Examination/veterinary; Thyroxine/blood/therapeutic use |
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| Address |
Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0003-1488 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:9702222 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1935 |
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| Author |
Barwick, R.S.; Mohammed, H.O.; McDonough, P.L.; White, M.E. |
| Title |
Epidemiologic features of equine Leptospira interrogans of human significance |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Preventive Veterinary Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Prev Vet Med |
| Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
153-165 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans; *Leptospira interrogans; New York/epidemiology; Weil Disease/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary; Zoonoses/epidemiology/*microbiology |
| Abstract |
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. There is a serologic evidence that horses are exposed to L. interrogans and, as a shedder of these organisms, can be a threat to humans. We examined risk factors associated with the risk of testing seropositive to three L. interrogans serovars (L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. grippotyphosa, and L. canicola) in the horses of New York State, in order to understand the epidemiology of the disease and suggest strategies to control and prevent equine leptospirosis. To carry out this study, blood samples were collected from a random sample of 2551 horses and tested for the presence of antibodies to the above serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. Samples with a titer $100 were considered positive. Clinical and demographic data were collected on each horse, the farms' management practices and ecology. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multivariate indexing system and to identify factors significantly associated with the risk of leptospirosis. Four indices were developed based on the possible sources of exposure: rodent exposure index; wildlife exposure index; soil and water index; and management index. The soil and water index was significantly associated with the risk of exposure to all three serovars. Management was positively associated with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola. Density of horses turned out together was positively associated with the risk of exposure to L. grippotyphosa. We concluded that indirect exposure of horses to L. interrogans through contaminated soil and water appears to be significantly associated with the risk of exposure to all three serovars. Management appears to play an important role in the exposure to L. interrogans. Modification of management practices might reduce the horses' risk of exposure and hopefully minimize the human hazards. |
| Address |
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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0167-5877 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:9762736 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2653 |
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