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Zentall, T. R., & Hogan, D. E. (1978). Same/different concept learning in the pigeon: the effect of negative instances and prior adaptation to transfer stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav, 30(2), 177–186.
Abstract: Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample or oddity-from-sample task with shapes (circle and plus). Half of each group was exposed to “negative instance” trials i.e., for matching birds, neither comparison key matched the sample, and for oddity birds both comparison keys matched the sample. When all birds were transferred to a new task involving colors (red and green), nonshifted birds (transferred from matching to matching, or oddity to oddity) performed significantly better than shifted birds (transferred from matching to oddity, or oddity to matching), but only if they had experienced negative instances of the training concept. When all birds were exposed to negative instances of the transfer task and then transferred to a new color task (yellow and blue), dramatic transfer effects were observed. The effect of pre-exposure to the yellow and blue colors, in order to reduce transfer-stimulus novelty, had a minor effect on transfer.
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Ödberg, F. O. (1978). A Study of the Hearing Ability of Horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 10(2), 82–84.
Abstract: SUMMARY The ability of 10 horses to hear frequencies between 14 and 25 Kc/s was tested. The horses appeared to perceive ultrasounds by showing either fright reactions or Pryer reflexes to all of the 12 frequencies. The highest frequencies were heard less by older animals, and elicited more reactions in geldings than in mares. RÉSUMÉ Le pouvoir auditif de 10 chevaux à entendre des fréquences comprises entre 14 et 25 kilocycles a étééprouvée. Les chevaux semblent percevoir des ultrasons en réagissant par des attitudes de frayeur ou par des réflexes de PRYER à toutes les fréquences étudiées. Les fréquences les plus élevées sont perues moins facilement par les chevaux agés et provoquèrent des réactions plus vives chez les hongres que chez les juments. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 10 Pferden wurde die Fähigkeit untersucht, Frequenzen zwischen 14 und 25 Kc/sec zu hören. Die Pferde schienen Ultraschall hören zu können: sie manifestierten Angst oder Pryer-Reflexe bei allen 12 Frequenzen. Die höchsten Frequenzen konnten von älteren Tieren weniger gut wahrgenommen werden; sie riefen auch bei Wallachen stärkere Reaktionen hervor als bei Stuten.
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Zentall, S. S., Zentall, T. R., & Barack, R. C. (1978). Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children. J Learn Disabil, 11(9), 540–548.
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von Goldschmidt-Rothschild, V. B., & Tschanz, B. (1978). Soziale Organisation und Verhalten einer Jungtierherde beim Camargue-Pferd. Z. Tierpsychol., 46, 372–400.
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Schusdziarra, H., Schusdziarra, V. (1978). Gymnasium des Reiters.
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Herron, M. A., Martin, J. E., & Joyce, J. R. (1978). Quantitative study of the decussating optic axons in the pony, cow, sheep, and pig. Am. J. Vet .Res., 39(7), 1137–9.
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Alexander, F. (1978). The effect of some anti-diarrhoeal drugs on intestinal transit and faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in the horse. Equine Vet J, 10(4), 229–234.
Abstract: The effect of morphine, Tinct. opii, loperamide, pethidine and atropine on intestinal transit and the faecal and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes was studied in ponies. The rate of passage of a particulate marker was slowed by morphine, hastened then slowed by loperamide and Tinct. opii, and hastened by atropine. The liquid marker was slowed by Tinct. opii and hastened then slowed by the other drugs. Only loperamide decreased the faecal sodium excretion. This drug also decreased faecal water and weight; it appeared worthy of clinical trial in diarrhoea. Tinct. opii decreased by morphine, pethidine and atropine increased faecal water.
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Shettleworth, S. J. (1978). Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 4(2), 152–169.
Abstract: The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.
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Curcher Cs, R. M. (1978). Equidae. In: Maglio V H4.J & Cooke H B S (eds). Evolution of African Mammals 379-422, .
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DIRSCHL HJ et al,. (1978). Preliminary results from an aereal census of livestock and wildlife of Kenya s rangelands.
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