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	Author	Brennan, J.; Anderson, J.
	Title	*Varying responses to feeding competition in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	29	Issue	3	Pages	353-360
	Keywords	Macaca mulatta – Dominance – Feeding – Agonistic behaviour – Snakes
	Abstract	The behaviour of members of a group of rhesus monkeys was observed in experimentally created, competitive feeding situations. Socially dominant members of the group tended to start eating before lower-ranking subjects, and generally ate more. Dominants sometimes used aggression to control access to food, but overall, intermediate-ranking monkeys were involved in most agonistic episodes. Non-dominant subjects improved their feeding performance when food was presented in three piles rather than one pile, often by snatching food and consuming it away from the pile. These general patterns were less evident when realistic snake models were placed on some of the food piles. Feeding was disrupted by the presence of snakes, but notably, subordinates risked feeding in these conditions. Piles containing preferred foods and snakes were eaten from, but a low-preference food (carrot) under snakes went untouched by all subjects. The results suggest that group-members evaluate potential risks and benefits of competing for a restricted resource, and that dominance status, while an important factor, is only one element in the equation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	809
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	Author	Visalberghi E; Trinca L
	Title	Tool use in capuchin monkeys: distinguishing between performing and understanding			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	30	Issue		Pages	511
	Keywords	Tool use – Cebus apella – Mental representation
	Abstract	A horizontal plexiglas tube containing a food-reward was presented to four naive tufted capuchins and suitable sticks were provided to push the reward out. Three monkeys out of four spontaneously used the tools and showed very different styles of solving the task. In more complex conditions, in which the sticks needed to be combined or actively modified in order to become effective, the monkeys were always successful; however, their performance was loaded with errors which did not disappear throughout the trials. Evidence of a difference between success in solving the problem and its understanding was found. This suggests that although capuchins can discover new means through active experimentation, they do not mentally represent the characteristics necessary for a tool to be effective, nor do they modify the tool appropriately beforehand. At this level, a major difference with chimpanzees emerges.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3047
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	Author	Bunnell, B.; Perkins, M.
	Title	Performance correlates of social behavior and organization: Social rank and complex problem solving in crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	21	Issue	4	Pages	515-523
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract  Seventeen male crab-eating macaques, drawn from two captive troops, were tested on a series of complex problem solving tasks in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (wgta). The animals were trained on a series of 6-trial object quality learning set problems followed by a series of 10-trial object quality learning set problems. They were then given problems in which the correct stimulus object was reversed part way through the problem. After the animals reached criterion on this task, the reversal learning set was then extinguished. High ranking animals made more intraproblem errors than low ranking animals on the 6-trial problems, but there was no relationship between social status and the rapidity with which the object quality learning set was established. Animals that received overtraining on the 6-trial problems transferred their learning virtually intact to the 10-trial problems; however, high ranking animals without overtraining made more errors than low ranking animals. On reversal learning and reversal extinction, high ranking animals made more errors on critical trials, indicating that they formed and extinguished the reversal set more slowly than low ranking animals. Object quality sets, as measured by trial-2 performance, were not affected by the reversal conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2082
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	Author	Neville, M.K.
	Title	Male leadership change in a free-ranging troop of Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1968	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	13-27
	Keywords
	Abstract	The male leadership of a troop of rhesus living at the foot of the Kumaon foothills of India was studied from January to December of 1965. The troop, inhabiting a region of fields and forests, varied in size from a maximum of 20 after the birth season to a minimum of 14 in December during the breeding season. The troop initially contained two adult males with the occasional presence of a third, more peripheral male. This third male disappeared in March and was perhaps identical with the male who began to appear in August and succeeded in displacing the dominant male from the troop. The second initial male succeeded to the dominant position in September. During the breeding season various extra-troop males followed and occasionally penetrated the troop. The second male had difficulty in maintaining his position against one of these, who had perhaps been the peripheral male at the beginning of 1965.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2059
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	Author	Southwick, C.H.; Siddiqi, M.R.
	Title	The role of social tradition in the maintenance of dominance in a wild rhesus group			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1967	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	341-353
	Keywords
	Abstract	Following the injury and disability of the dominant male, the home range of a group of rhesus in a rural habitat in Aligarh district was significantly reduced from 40 acres to less than 10 acres. Throughout this injury and prior to his death, the male maintained his dominance in reference to a peripheral male who frequently attempted to enter the group. Upon the death of the dominant male, group leadership and dominance was assumed by a young subdominant male within the group and the peripheral male still remained outside the group. These observations indicate a strong social tradition in the maintenance of dominance within this wild rhesus group, and they emphasize the role of the dominant male in maintaining home range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2064
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	Author	Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	Observations on the ecology and social organization of the green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus, in Senegal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	341-350
	Keywords
	Abstract	The green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus, has not been studied in its natural habitat in West Africa. This paper reports observations made during a 3-month study in Senegal. Green monkeys live in multimale groups averaging some 12 individuals. Information is given on home range size, use of habitat, daily activity patterns, diet and birth seasonality. Social organization is discussed and data are given on the relationships between age-sex classes, aggression and leadership. Inter-group relations are discussed and it is suggested that groups defend their ranges as territories. The ecology and social organization of green monkeys is compared with that of populations ofC. aethiops studied in East Africa and they are found to be similar.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2062
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	Author	Imanishi, K.
	Title	Identification : A process of enculturation in the subhuman society of Macaca fuscata			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1957	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	1-29-29
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Japan	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5266
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	Author	Dyer, F. C.
	Title	Individual cognition and group movement: insights from social insects.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2000	Publication	Group Movement in Social Primates and Other Animals: Patterns, Processes, and Cognitive Implications.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	University of Chicago Press	Place of Publication	Chicago	Editor	Garber, P.;Boinski, S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4425
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	Author	Heschl, A.; Burkart, J.
	Title	A new mark test for mirror self-recognition in non-human primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	47	Issue	3	Pages	187-198
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Callithrix/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Female; Male; Photic Stimulation; Self Concept
	Abstract	For 30 years Gallup's (Science 167:86-87, 1970) mark test, which consists of confronting a mirror-experienced test animal with its own previously altered mirror image, usually a color mark on forehead, eyebrow or ear, has delivered valuable results about the distribution of visual self-recognition in non-human primates. Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans and, less frequently, gorillas can learn to correctly understand the reflection of their body in a mirror. However, the standard version of the mark test is good only for positively proving the existence of self-recognition. Conclusive statements about the lack of self-recognition are more difficult because of the methodological constraints of the test. This situation has led to a persistent controversy about the power of Gallup's original technique. We devised a new variant of the test which permits more unequivocal decisions about both the presence and absence of self-recognition. This new procedure was tested with marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), following extensive training with mirror-related tasks to facilitate performance in the standard mark test. The results show that a slightly altered mark test with a new marking substance (chocolate cream) can help to reliably discriminate between true negative results, indicating a real lack of ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, from false negative results that are due to methodological particularities of the standard test. Finally, an evolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to why many primates can use a mirror instrumentally – i.e. know how to use it for grasping at hidden objects – while failing in the decisive mark test.
	Address	Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Adolf Lorenz Gasse 2, 3422, Altenberg, Austria. adolf.heschl@uni-graz.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16432640			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2810
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	Author	Bonnie, K.E.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Affiliation promotes the transmission of a social custom: handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	47	Issue	1	Pages	27-34
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Zoo/physiology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cultural Evolution; Grooming/physiology; Observation; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Handclasp grooming is a unique social custom, known to occur regularly among some, but not all populations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). As with other cultural behaviors, it is assumed that this distinctive grooming posture is learned socially by one individual from another. However, statistical comparisons among factors thought to influence how a behavior spreads within a group have never, to our knowledge, been conducted. In the present study, the origination and spread of handclasp grooming in a group of captive chimpanzees was followed throughout more than 1,500 h of observation over a period of 12 years. We report on the frequency, bout duration, and number and demography of performers throughout the study period, and compare these findings to those reported for wild populations. We predicted that dyads with strong affiliative ties, measured by time spent in proximity to and grooming one another, were likely to develop a handclasp grooming partnership during the study period. A quadratic assignment procedure was used to compare correlations among observed frequencies of grooming and proximity with handclasp grooming in all possible dyads within the group. As predicted, the formation of new handclasp grooming dyads was positively correlated with the rate of overall grooming and proximity within a dyad. In addition, in nearly all dyads formed, at least one individual had been previously observed to handclasp groom. We concluded that affiliation and individual experience determines the transmission of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Emory University, and Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, GA 30329, USA. kebonni@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16142425			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	161
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