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Izraely, H., Choshniak, I., Shkolnik, A., Stevens, C. E., & Demment, M. W. (1989). Factors determining the digestive efficiency of the domesticated donkey.(Equus Asinus Asinus ). Q J Exp Physiol, 74(1), 1–6.
Abstract: Factors determining the digestive efficiency of donkeys were studied in animals fed either a low quality roughage (wheat straw: 77{middle dot}1% neutral detergent fibre, 2{middle dot}8% crude protein) or a high quality forage (alfalfa hay: 47{middle dot}5% neutral detergent fibre, 22{middle dot}7% crude protein). The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake when fed wheat straw was 1693 {+/-} 268 g animal-1 day-1, 10% higher than when fed alfalfa hay. Digestive coefficient of NDF and acid detergent fibre (ADF) when fed wheat straw amounted to 50{middle dot}9 {+/-} 4{middle dot}9 and 42{middle dot}0 {+/-} 4{middle dot}1% respectively. NDF and ADF apparent digestibilities and mean retention times (37{middle dot}7 {+/-} 1{middle dot}7 and 36{middle dot}4 {+/-} 3{middle dot}2 h respectively) were not significantly different (P [rang] 0{middle dot}05) between the two diets. The donkey appears to digest cell wall constituents as efficiently as the Bedouin goat when on low quality roughage, but less efficiently when fed alfalfa hay. Its energy digestibility is, however, as high as that reported for the Bedouin goat. The donkey's high energy digestibility is related to its capacity to digest soluble food components more efficiently than the ruminant. The mean retention time in the donkey is shorter than in the Bedouin goat and is consistent with its capacity to compensate for a lower quality diet by increasing its intake rate. Recycling of urea in donkeys maintained on wheat straw amounted to 75{middle dot}5 {+/-} 13{middle dot}0% of the entry rate. A decrease in the rate of renal urea filtration, coupled with an increase in the fraction reabsorbed, increased the retention of nitrogenous waste and permitted recycling of nitrogen into the gut. N1 -
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Hunter, L., & Houpt, K. A. (1989). Bedding material preferences of ponies. J Anim Sci, 67(8), 1986–1991.
Abstract: The bedding preferences of ponies were determined using video recordings of nighttime (1900 to 0700) behavior of individually housed ponies. The ponies' behavior each minute was recorded to determine time budgets. In Exp. I, preference for bedding was determined using three mares, three stallions and two geldings given access to bedded and unbedded areas in a box stall. The ponies spent more time (66%) on the bedded area and were never observed lying on the unbedded areas. In Exp. II, three mares and six stallions were given access to a box stall, one side of which was bedded with wood shavings and the other with straw. Although some individual animals preferred one bedding over the other, neither form of bedding was preferred consistently. Time budgets in Exp. II were similar on both bedding materials. The ponies spent 12% of their nighttime lying, 2% walking, 35% eating and 50% standing inactively. Some ponies had a relatively strong preference for bedding, but the type of bedding preferred varied with the individual animal. Some individual ponies had no clear preference, but instead had a side or position preference
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Harrington, F. H. (1989). Chorus howling by wolves: Acoustic structures, pack size and Beau Geste effect. Bioacoustics, 2.
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Galef, B. G. (1989). Enduring social enhancement of rats' preferences for the palatable and the piquant. Appetite, 13(2), 81–92.
Abstract: In three experiments on the social induction of food preferences in rats, I found: (a) that eight 30-min exposures of a naive “observer” rat to a “demonstrator” rat fed one of two approximately equipalatable diets produced observer preference for the diet fed to its demonstrator that lasted for more than a month, (b) that simple exposure of naive subjects to a diet itself, rather than to a rat that had eaten a diet, was not sufficient to enhance preference for that diet, and (c) that lasting preference for an unpalatable, piquant diet could also be established by exposing naive rats to demonstrators that had eaten the piquant diet, but not by simply exposure to the piquant diet itself. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by both Birch and Rozin that social-affective contexts are important in establishing stable, learned preferences for foods.
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Walker, S. (1989). An introduction to animal cognition : By . Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum (1988). Pp. viii + 328. Price [pound sign]8.95 paperback. Anim. Behav., 37(Part 3), 521–522.
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Ellard, M. - E., & Crowell-Davis, S. L. (1989). Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 24(1), 55–75.
Abstract: The social hierarchy of a herd of 12 draft mares was assessed using agonism in the field, paired-feeding tests and a group-feeding test. Results from the paired-feeding test correlated significantly, but imperfectly, with those from the field. Differential motivation among subjects for the feed and disruption of ambiguous relationships among mares reduced the reliability of the paired-feeding test as a measure of social dominance. Results from the group-feeding test did not correlate significantly with the field hierarchy and only a few mares ever ate from the bucket. Height, weight and age each correlated significantly with rank; a mare's tendency to remain alone did not. Total aggressive scores during the paired-feeding test correlated with rank. However, a high-ranking mare was no more aggressive to each of her subordinates than was a low-ranking mare. Rather, all mares aggressed more against individuals close in rank to themselves and with preferred field associates. In the field, mares associated most with other mares of similar rank.
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Duncan, I. J. H., & Petherick, J. C. (1989). Proceeding (Paper presented at the Winter Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Ethology, London, Great Britain, 30 November 1988)Cognition: The implications for animal welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 24(1), 81–1010.
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Huizinga, H. A., & van der Meij, G. J. W. (1989). Estimated parameters of performance in jumping and dressage competition of the Dutch Warmblood horse. Livestock Production Science, 21(4), 333–345.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to estimate several genetic parameters in the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. The traits involved are performances in jumping and dressage competition. The following parameters are estimated: heritabilities for jumping and dressage; phenotypic and genetic correlations between jumping and dressage; and phenotypic and genetic correlations between performances at different ages. These parameters are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Data are from 6899 horses with performances in jumping and 10 408 horses with performances in dressage competition. The horses are sired by 205 and 237 stallions for the two traits, respectively. The progeny range in age from 4 to 8 years old. The performance trait is a cumulatively derived score, that reflects the level of performance in competition. A square root transformation of the score is most appropriate to normalize the data. For estimation of phenotypic and genetic parameters the data is split into two data sets according to the age of the sires (offspring sired by older vs. younger stallions). For estimating correlations between performances at 4, 5 and 6 years of age, performances of the offspring out of previous years are linked to the data. The most unbiased estimates of heritability for jumping and dressage are from data derived from the youngest offspring sired by the younger stallions and are 0.20 and 0.10, respectively. Genetic correlation between jumping and dressage ranges from -0.27 to 0.10. The phenotypic correlation between these traits ranges from 0.15 to 0.26. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between performances at 4, 5 and 6 years average 0.95 and 0.75, respectively. These latter results have important implications for genetic evaluation of breeding candidates in the population.
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Lynch, J. J., Hinch, G. N., Bouissou, M. F., Elwin, R. L., Green, G. C., & Davies, H. I. (1989). Social organization in young Merino and Merino x Border Leicester ewes. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 22(1), 49–63.
Abstract: The social behaviour of two groups of Merino ewes and one group of Merino x Border Leicester ewes was studied. Each group comprised eight sheep, 15 months of age and, within each group, the animals were of similar liveweight. Dominance rankings were established at each test, but there was little consistency in ewe rank over time. Similarly, little consistency was found in ewe ranking for movement order between pens, and for exploratory and fear test rankings. However, with tests on movement orders, some consistency in the sheep which ranked first was shown. In the field, no aggression was seen while sheep were grazing and there were no occasions when ranking related to movement could be observed. There were short-term associations between pairs of sheep, but these occurred in less than half the individuals. Although the spatial distribution was not studied, the lack of long-term association between pairs would suggest that strong spatial preference does not occur. It is concluded that the social organization of single-age Merino and Merino x Border Leicester ewes is not based on dominance or leadership ranking nor on long-term associations between individuals.
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Crowell-Davis, S. L., & Caudle, A. B. (1989). Coprophagy by foals: recognition of maternal feces. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 24(3), 267–272.
Abstract: Six foals were each observed for 4 h per week during the first 6 weeks of life in an experimental situation in which they had access to feces taken from their mother and from another mare which was not pregnant or lactating. The foals sniffed at the feces equally. Two foals engaged in a total of seven bouts of coprophagy. All bouts of coprophagy involved maternal feces (χ2; P<0.01).
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