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van Duijn, M. A. J. (2003). Software for Social Network Analysis. University of Groningen: Heymans Institute/DPMG.
Abstract: This chapter gives a state-of-the art overview of available (free and commercial)
software for social network analysis as of fall 2003. It reviews and compares
six programs, illustrating their functionality with example data. Data manipulation
options and available support are also discussed. Furthermore, seventeen
other, of which nine special-purpose, software packages and ve software routine
packages for general statistical software are reviewed brie
y. The chapter
concludes with some recommendations.
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Lepple, N. (2009). Qualitätssicherung in der Fohlenaufzucht. Diploma thesis, Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Umwelt Nürtingen-Geislingen, Nürtingen.
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Jenks, S. M. (1988). Behavioral regulation of social organization and mating in a captive wolf pack. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Conn. Dept. Biobehavioral Sci, .
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Spengler, A. E., H. (2009). Human interaction with a gorilla family.
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Reimer, M. (2007). Investigation of appeasement signals in domestic dogs. Ph.D. thesis, , Sussex.
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Hartmann, E. (2010). Managing horses in groups to improve horse welfare and human safety. Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: Managing horses in groups to improve horse welfare and human safety
:
reactions to mixing and separation
Hartmann, Elke (2010) Managing horses in groups to improve horse welfare and human safety . Doctoral diss. Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, SLU. Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae vol. 2010:87.
Full text available as:
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Abstract
The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether specific anecdotal concerns related to keeping horses in groups are supported by science and, if so, provide scientifically based recommendations that could be implemented in practice.
The aim of studies I and II was to identify methods for mixing unfamiliar horses that could minimise aggressive interactions and associated risk of injury. Results of study I revealed that pre-exposure of young horses in neighbouring boxes tended to lower contact-aggression (e.g. kicks, strikes) and biting behaviour in particular was reduced when the same pair of horses subsequently met in a paddock. This was not found when older horses were mixed (study II). Aggressive behaviour received by a new horse was not significantly different in meetings when it met one other horse compared to meeting two unfamiliar horses at the same time.
Removing a horse from a group of four in study III was generally unproblematic. Most horses approached the handler when she was catching the horse and while standing with it in the middle of the paddock. Thus, potential risk may be higher in situations when the handler remains relatively stationary, as other horses of the group have time to approach. Rank did not influence the number of horses following to the paddock gate and interactions between horses were rare.
Since horses naïve to social separation may be more difficult to handle away from the group, the objective in study IV was to investigate whether the initial presence of a companion horse would modify responses to separation. Results revealed no significant differences in heart rates and the number of training sessions required when the horses were subsequently trained in the absence of the partner compared to horses trained alone from the start.
In summary, results give little support for the original areas of concerns about mixing and separating horses. Risk of injury to both horses and humans should not be overestimated when handling horses in groups, but being aware of potential risk situations and being able to react accordingly is likely to increase horse welfare and human safety.
Faculty: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
Keywords:
equine, behaviour, welfare, housing, mixing, aggression, injury, separation, habituation, learning
Agrovoc terms:
horses, behaviour, bites, injurious factors, animal learning, animal welfare, sweden
ISBN: 978-91-576-7532-3
Series.: Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae
ISSN: 1652-6880
Volume: 2010:87
Papers/manuscripts:
I. Hartmann, E., Winther Christensen, J., Keeling, L.J. (2009). Social interactions of unfamiliar horses during paired encounters: Effect of pre-exposure on aggression level and so risk of injury. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 121, 214-221.
II. Hartmann, E., Rundgren, M., Keeling, L.J. (in press). Comparison of 3 methods for mixing unfamiliar horses (Equus caballus). Journal of Equine Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research.
III. Hartmann, E., Søndergaard, E., Keeling, L.J. Identifying potential risk situations for humans when removing horses from groups. Manuscript.
IV. Hartmann, E., Christensen, J.W., Keeling, L.J. (in press). Training young horses to social separation: Effect of a companion horse on training efficiency. Equine Veterinary Journal.
Number of pages: 75
Year of publication: 2010
Language: eng
ID Code: 2396
Deposited By: Hartmann, Elke
Deposited On: 08 November 2010
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Boyd L. (1988). The behaviour of Przewalski’s horses. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
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Bundesministerium für Ernährung, L. und V. (2009). Beurteilung von Pferdehaltungen unter Tierschutzgesichtspunkten.
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Carter, C., & Greening, L. Auditory stimulation of the stabled equine; the effect of different music genres on behaviour.
Abstract: Having a radio playing during the daytime at some equine establishments is common practice, but few studies have investigated whether particular music genres could be enriching for stabled horses or whether they may be perceived as aversive. This study aimed to establish whether behavioural responses differed when exposed to musical genres (Classical, Country, Jazz and Rock) and when compared to a control (no music). Eight Thoroughbred geldings (age range 8-10 years, average 8.9 years) were exposed to four musical environments and the control environment (no music) and observed in their usual stable, using instantaneous focal sampling every thirty seconds according to a pre-determined ethogram. Each horse was exposed to each genre for an hour in total, at a time when there was no human traffic or interference on the yard. All horses had been stabled for three hours before the study began. The association between genres and behavioural frequencies recorded for each environment was tested using Fisher’s Exact test of association (P<0.01), IBM SPSS21. No statistically significant associations (P=1.0) were recorded between alert or relax behaviours in Country, Classical, and Control environments. Significant associations (P<0.001) between frequency of alert behaviours and Jazz and Rock environments were noted. The latter genres appeared the most aversive which may be due to fast tempo and minor key, especially in the Jazz piece used. Country and Classical genres were slow tempo with a major key and appeared to result in more restful behaviours than Jazz or Rock. Further research is needed to; assess whether music could be used as an enriching tool, and investigate equine emotional capabilities to understand the emotional effects of music. Future studies could also consider how music impacts upon the behaviour of the human handler and whether this influences equine behaviour.
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Feh, C. (1987). Etude du développement des relations sociales chez des étalons (Equus caballus) de race camargue et de leur contribution à l'organisation sociale du groupe. Master's thesis, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille.
Abstract: Diplôme de recherche universitaire: neurosciences comportementales: Université d'Aix-Marseille II. Faculté des sciences de Luminy Marseille (FRA)* 117p
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