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Forster, H. V., Pan, L. G., Bisgard, G. E., Flynn, C., & Hoffer, R. E. (1985). Changes in breathing when switching from nares to tracheostomy breathing in awake ponies. J Appl Physiol, 59(4), 1214–1221.
Abstract: We assessed the consequences of respiratory unloading associated with tracheostomy breathing (TBr). Three normal and three carotid body-denervated (CBD) ponies were prepared with chronic tracheostomies that at rest reduced physiological dead space (VD) from 483 +/- 60 to 255 +/- 30 ml and lung resistance from 1.5 +/- 0.14 to 0.5 +/- 0.07 cmH2O . l-1 . s. At rest and during steady-state mild-to-heavy exercise arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was approximately 1 Torr higher during nares breathing (NBr) than during TBr. Pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume (VT) were greater and alveolar ventilation was less during NBr than TBr. Breathing frequency (f) did not differ between NBr and TBr at rest, but f during exercise was greater during TBr than during NBr. These responses did not differ between normal and CBD ponies. We also assessed the consequences of increasing external VD (300 ml) and resistance (R, 0.3 cmH2O . l-1 . s) by breathing through a tube. At rest and during mild exercise tube breathing caused PaCO2 to transiently increase 2-3 Torr, but 3-5 min later PaCO2 usually was within 1 Torr of control. Tube breathing did not cause f to change. When external R was increased 1 cmH2O . l-1 . s by breathing through a conventional air collection system, f did not change at rest, but during exercise f was lower than during unencumbered breathing. These responses did not differ between normal, CBD, and hilar nerve-denervated ponies, and they did not differ when external VD or R were added at either the nares or tracheostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Weik, H., Lingk, W., & Altmann, H. J. (1972). [Behavior of individual fatty acids during in-vitro lipolysis and resynthesis in equine depot fat]. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 19(8), 677–685.
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Weik, H., & Altmann, J. (1972). The effect of L(+)-lactate on rat and horse adipose tissue in vitro. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 19(6), 514–518.
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Altmann, H. J., & Weik, H. (1971). [Serum fatty acid patterns of phospholipid fractions in horses]. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd, 28(5), 285–288.
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Weik, H., & Altmann, H. J. (1971). [Behavior of blood lipids during fasting in the horse]. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 18(2), 131–138.
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Altmann, H. J., Hertel, J., & Drepper, K. (1970). [Nutritional physiology of the horse. 3. Protein values in the gastrointestinal tract of slaughtered horses]. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd, 26(5), 245–252.
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Hertel, J., Altmann, H. J., & Drepper, K. (1970). [Nutritional physiology studies of the horse. II. Raw nutrient studies of the gastrointestinal tract of slaughtered horses]. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd, 26(3), 169–174.
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Brosnan, S. F., Schiff, H. C., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2005). Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness in chimpanzees. Proc Biol Sci, 272(1560), 253–258.
Abstract: Economic decision-making depends on our social environment. Humans tend to respond differently to inequity in close relationships, yet we know little about the potential for such variation in other species. We examine responses to inequity in several groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a paradigm similar to that used previously in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). We demonstrate that, like capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees show a response to inequity of rewards that is based upon the partner receiving the reward rather than the presence of the reward alone. However, we also found a great amount of variation between groups tested, indicating that chimpanzees, like people, respond to inequity in a variable manner, which we speculate could be caused by such variables as group size, the social closeness of the group (as reflected in length of time that the group has been together) and group-specific traditions.
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de Waal, F. B., Uno, H., Luttrell, L. M., Meisner, L. F., & Jeannotte, L. A. (1996). Behavioral retardation in a macaque with autosomal trisomy and aging mother. Am J Ment Retard, 100(4), 378–390.
Abstract: The social development of a female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until her death, at age 32 months. The subject, born to an older mother, had an extra autosome (karyotype: 43, XX, +18), an affliction that came about spontaneously. MRI scans revealed that she was also hydrocephalic. Compared to 23 female monkeys growing up under identical conditions, the subject showed serious motor deficiencies, a dramatic delay in the development of social behavior, poorly established dominance relationships, and greater than usual dependency on mother and kin. The subject was well-integrated into the social group, however.
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Zentall, T. R., & Kaiser, D. H. (2005). Interval timing with gaps: gap ambiguity as an alternative to temporal decay. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 31(4), 484–486.
Abstract: C. V. Buhusi, D. Perera, and W. H. Meck (2005) proposed a hypothesis of timing in rats to account for the results of experiments that have used the peak procedure with gaps. According to this hypothesis, the introduction of a gap causes the animal's memory for the pregap interval to passively decay (subjectively shorten) in direct proportion to the duration and salience of the gap. Thus, animals should pause with short, nonsalient gaps but should reset their clock with longer, salient gaps. The present authors suggest that the ambiguity of the gap (i.e., the similarity between the gap and the intertrial interval in both appearance and relative duration) causes the animal to actively reset the clock and prevents adequate assessments of the fate of timed intervals prior to the gap. Furthermore, when the intertrial interval is discriminable from the gap, the evidence suggests that timed intervals prior to the gap are not lost but are retained in memory.
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