Giraldeau, L. - A., & Lefebvre, L. (1986). Exchangeable producer and scrounger roles in a captive flock of feral pigeons: a case for the skill pool effect. Anim. Behav., 34(3), 797–803.
Abstract: We investigated the foraging producer-scrounger system of a captive flock of feral pigeons (Columba livia) by monitoring the number of food patches each individual produced. In one experiment, three different patch types were tested on the whole flock while, in a second, flock composition was varied for one patch type. In all cases we found non-uniform distributions of the number of patches produced per individual, which suggests the existence of producer and scrounger roles. This result could not be explained by either dominance or variability in individual learning ability. Individuals switched roles in response to changes both in food patch type and flock composition. These results are discussed in light of the skill pool hypothesis, which suggests that, in a group, different foraging specialists will profit by parasitizing each other's food discoveries.
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Blakeman, N. E., & Friend, T. H. (1986). Visual discrimination at varying distances in Spanish goats. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 16.
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Crowell-Davis, S. L. (1986). Spatial relations between mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus). Anim Beh, 34(4), 1007–1015.
Abstract: Welsh pony mares and foals (Equus caballus) were usually found to be within 1 or 5 m of each other during the first week of the foal's life and gradually spent more time at greater distances as the foals became older. There was an overall levelling of the trend during the 9th-15th weeks of life of the foal, followed by a second period of change during weeks 16-24. Through weeks 21-24, mares and foals spent at least half of their time within 5 m of each other. Proximity was primarily due to foal activity except during foal recumbency. During the first 8 weeks of the foal's life, a mare remained close by when it was recumbent, either by grazing in a circle around it or by standing upright beside it. Mares and foals were most likely to be close together when they were resting upright with the other ponies in the herd and most likely to be far apart when the foal was playing. Similarities in patterns of spatial relationship between the foals of a given mare were demonstrated. There was no difference between colts and filies in the development of independence.
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Schäfer M,. (1986). Beobachtungen zum Verhalten des südiberischen Primitivpferdes.
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Berger, J. (1986). Wild horses of the Great Basin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Abstract: Describes the behavior of wild horses living in the Great Basin Desert of Nevada and discusses the role of the horses in the area's ecology
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Schusdziarra, H., Schusdziarra, V. (1986). Reitergespräche – Der Weg zum unabhängigen Sitz.
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Svendsen Ed,. (1986). The professional handbook of the donkey. England.
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Berger, J. (1986). Wild Horses of the Great Basin: Social Competition and Population Size. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Abstract: Editorial Reviews
From Library Journal
Berger begins this scholarly and absorbing treatise by discussing the natural history of the horse in general. Then, on the basis of several years of field work, he describes and details the behavior and ecology of the wild horses in the Great Basin Desert of Nevada. The purpose of the book is not, however, merely to describe natural history, but also to test quantitatively several basic ecological hypotheses. Berger has done both well, and his book will be a major source of information on North American wild horses for years to come. The book will interest specialists and graduate students primarily. It may also appeal to anyone with a strong interest in wild horses, and the remote and starkly beautiful Great Basin. Nicholas J. Volkman, Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, Cal.
Copyright 1986 Reed Business Information, Inc.
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Springorum B. (1986). Hinweise zum Konditionstraining der Military-Pferde. Warendorf: FN-Verlag.
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Donner, H. D. (1986). Grundausbildung für Reiter und Pferd (H. D. Donner, & D. Specht, Eds.) (25. Aufl. ed.). Warendorf: FN-Verl. d. Dt. Reiterlichen Vereinigung.
Abstract: Verf. gibt einen Ueberblick ueber: 1) Grundausbildung des Reiters: a) Vorbedingungen fuer eine erfolgreiche Ausbildung, b) Sitz und Sitzschulung, c) Einwirkung des Reiters, d) Reiten von Grunduebungen und Dressurlektionen, e) Springausbildung, f) Gelaendereiten sowie 2) Grundausbildung des Pferdes: a) Grundkenntnisse fuer den Ausbilder ueber Charakter und Wesen des Pferdes, Grundsaetze und Erziehung, anatomisch-physiologische Voraussetzungen, b) Allgemeine Grundausbildung, c) Grundausbildung im Springen und im Gelaende, d) Arbeit mit Pferden mit Gebaeude- und Temperamentsfehlern. Schiffer
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