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Broekhuis, F.; Madsen, E.K.; Klaassen, B. |
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Title |
Predators and pastoralists: how anthropogenic pressures inside wildlife areas influence carnivore space use and movement behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Animal Conservation |
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Anim Conserv |
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cheetah; livestock; movement; human pressure; protected areas; space use |
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Abstract Across the globe, wildlife populations and their behaviours are negatively impacted by people. Protected areas are believed to be an antidote to increasing human pressures but even they are not immune to the impact of anthropogenic activities. Areas that have been set aside for the protection of wildlife therefore warrant more attention when investigating the impact of anthropogenic pressures on wildlife. We use cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus as a case study to explore how a large carnivore responds to anthropogenic pressures inside wildlife areas. Using GPS-collar data we investigate cheetah space use, both when moving and stationary, and movement parameters (speed and turn angles) in relation to human disturbance, distance to human settlement, livestock abundance and livestock site use inside wildlife areas. Space use was negatively influenced by human disturbance, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation and potentially reducing landscape permeability between neighbouring wildlife areas. Cheetahs were also less likely to stop in areas where livestock numbers were high, but more likely to stop in areas that were frequently used by livestock. The latter could reflect that cheetahs are attracted to livestock however, cheetahs in the study area rarely predated on livestock. It is therefore more likely that areas that are frequently used by livestock attract wild herbivores, which in turn could influence cheetah space use. We did not find any effects of people and livestock on cheetahs? speed and turn angles which might be related to the resolution of the data. We found that cheetahs are sensitive to human pressures and we believe that they could be an indicator species for other large carnivores facing similar challenges. We suggest that further research is needed to determine the levels of anthropogenic pressures needed to maintain ecological integrity, especially inside wildlife areas. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111) |
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1367-9430 |
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doi: 10.1111/acv.12483 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6522 |
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Fisher, J.; Hinde, R. A. |
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The opening of milk bottles by birds |
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1994 |
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British Birds |
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British Birds |
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42 |
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347-357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6525 |
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Kuczaj, S. A; Makecha, R.; Trone, M.; Paulos, R. D; Ramos, J. A. |
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Title |
Role of Peers in Cultural Innovation and Cultural Transmission: Evidence from the Play of Dolphin Calves |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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International Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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Int. J. Comp. Psychol |
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19 |
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2 |
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223-240 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6526 |
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Burke, C.; Rashman, M.; Wich, S.; Symons, A.; Theron, C.; Longmore, S. |
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Optimizing observing strategies for monitoring animals using drone-mounted thermal infrared cameras |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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International Journal of Remote Sensing |
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International Journal of Remote Sensing |
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40 |
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2 |
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439-467 |
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ABSTRACTThe proliferation of relatively affordable off-the-shelf drones offers great opportunities for wildlife monitoring and conservation. Similarly the recent reduction in the cost of thermal infrared cameras also offers new promise in this field, as they have the advantage over conventional RGB cameras of being able to distinguish animals based on their body heat and being able to detect animals at night. However, the use of drone-mounted thermal infrared cameras comes with several technical challenges. In this article, we address some of these issues, namely thermal contrast problems due to heat from the ground, absorption and emission of thermal infrared radiation by the atmosphere, obscuration by vegetation, and optimizing the flying height of drones for a best balance between covering a large area and being able to accurately image and identify animals of interest. We demonstrate the application of these methods with a case study using field data and make the first ever detection of the critically endangered riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) in thermal infrared data. We provide a web-tool so that the community can easily apply these techniques to other studies (http://www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk/aricburk/uav_calc/). |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0143-1161 |
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doi: 10.1080/01431161.2018.1558372 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6528 |
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Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L.; Morand-Ferron, J. |
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Title |
Can a restrictive definition lead to biases and tautologies? |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
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Behav. Brain Sci. |
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30 |
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4 |
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411-412 |
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We argue that the operational definition proposed by Ramsey et al. does not represent a significant improvement for students of innovation, because it is so restrictive that it might actually prevent the testing of hypotheses on the relationships between innovation, ecology, evolution, culture, and intelligence. To avoid tautological thinking, we need to use an operational definition that is taxonomically unbiased and neutral with respect to the hypotheses to be tested. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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2007/12/17 |
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0140-525x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6533 |
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Author |
Lee, P.C.; de Antonio, C. A. |
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Necessity, unpredictability and opportunity: An exploration of ecological and social drivers of behavioral innovation. |
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2015 |
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Animal Creativity and Innovation |
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317- 333 |
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Elsevier |
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Cambridge |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6535 |
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Lonsdorf, E.V. |
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Title |
Sex differences in the development of termite-fishing skills in the wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, of Gombe National Park, Tanzania |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Animal Behaviour |
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Anim. Behav. |
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70 |
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3 |
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673-683 |
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By the age of 5.5 years, all of the young chimpanzees of Gombe National Park have acquired a skill known as 'termite fishing'. Termite fishing involves inserting a flexible tool made from vegetation into a termite mound and extracting the termites that attack and cling to the tool. Although tool use is a well-known phenomenon in chimpanzees, little is known about how such skills develop in the wild. Prior studies have found adult sex differences in frequency, duration and efficiency of tool-using tasks, with females scoring higher on all measures. To investigate whether these sex differences occurred in youngsters, I performed a 4-year longitudinal field study during which I observed and videotaped young chimpanzees' development of the termite-fishing behaviour. Critical elements of the skill included identifying a hole, making a tool, inserting a tool into a hole and extracting termites. These elements appeared in the same order during the development of all subjects, but females typically peaked at least a year earlier than males in their performance of the skills that precede termite fishing. In addition, young females successfully termite-fished an average of 27 months earlier than young males and were more proficient at the skill after acquisition had occurred. Furthermore, the techniques of female offspring closely resembled those of their mothers whereas the techniques of male offspring did not, suggesting that the process by which termite fishing is learned differs for male and female chimpanzees. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6536 |
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Laland, K. N.; van Bergen, Y |
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Experimental studies of innovation in the guppy |
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2003 |
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Animal Innovation |
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155-174 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Ox |
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S. M. Reader and K. N. Laland |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6537 |
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Liker, A.; Bókony, V. |
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Larger groups are more successful in innovative problem solving in house sparrows |
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2009 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |
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106 |
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19 |
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7893-7898 |
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Group living offers well-known benefits to animals, such as better predator avoidance and increased foraging success. An important additional, but so far neglected, advantage is that groups may cope more effectively with unfamiliar situations through faster innovations of new solutions by some group members. We tested this hypothesis experimentally by presenting a new foraging task of opening a familiar feeder in an unfamiliar way to house sparrows in small and large groups (2 versus 6 birds). Group size had strong effects on problem solving: sparrows performed 4 times more and 11 times faster openings in large than in small groups, and all members of large groups profited by getting food sooner (7 times on average). Independently from group size, urban groups were more successful than rural groups. The disproportionately higher success in large groups was not a mere consequence of higher number of attempts, but was also related to a higher effectiveness of problem solving (3 times higher proportion of successful birds). The analyses of the birds' behavior suggest that the latter was not explained by either reduced investment in antipredator vigilance or reduced neophobia in large groups. Instead, larger groups may contain more diverse individuals with different skills and experiences, which may increase the chance of solving the task by some group members. Increased success in problem solving may promote group living in animals and may help them to adapt quickly to new situations in rapidly-changing environments. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6538 |
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Morand-Ferron, J.; Quinn, J.L. |
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Larger groups of passerines are more efficient problem solvers in the wild |
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2011 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |
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108 |
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38 |
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15898-15903 |
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Group living commonly helps organisms face challenging environmental conditions. Although a known phenomenon in humans, recent findings suggest that a benefit of group living in animals generally might be increased innovative problem-solving efficiency. This benefit has never been demonstrated in a natural context, however, and the mechanisms underlying improved efficiency are largely unknown. We examined the problem-solving performance of great and blue tits at automated devices and found that efficiency increased with flock size. This relationship held when restricting the analysis to naive individuals, demonstrating that larger groups increased innovation efficiency. In addition to this effect of naive flock size, the presence of at least one experienced bird increased the frequency of solving, and larger flocks were more likely to contain experienced birds. These findings provide empirical evidence for the “pool of competence” hypothesis in nonhuman animals. The probability of success also differed consistently between individuals, a necessary condition for the pool of competence hypothesis. Solvers had a higher probability of success when foraging with a larger number of companions and when using devices located near rather than further from protective tree cover, suggesting a role for reduced predation risk on problem-solving efficiency. In contrast to traditional group living theory, individuals joining larger flocks benefited from a higher seed intake, suggesting that group living facilitated exploitation of a novel food source through improved problem-solving efficiency. Together our results suggest that both ecological and social factors, through reduced predation risk and increased pool of competence, mediate innovation in natural populations. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6539 |
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