Records |
Author |
Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Temporal parameters of the feature positive effect |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1979 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
Volume |
92 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
703-710 |
Keywords |
Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Male; *Time Perception |
Abstract |
Trial duration and intertrial interval duration were parametrically varied between groups of pigeons exposed to a discrimination involving the presence vs. the absence of a dot. Half the groups received the dot as the positive stimulus (feature positive groups) and half the groups received the dot as the negative stimulus (feature negative groups). Faster learning by the feature positive birds (feature positive effect) was found when the trial duration was short (5 sec) regardless of whether the intertrial interval was short (5 sec) or long (30 sec). No evidence for a feature positive effect was found when the trial duration was long (30 sec) regardless of the length of the intertrial interval (30 sec or 180 sec). The results suggest that short trial duration is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the feature positive effect, and neither intertrial interval nor trial duration/intertrial interval ratio are important for its occurrence. The suggestion that mechanisms underlying the feature positive effect and autoshaping might be similar was not supported by the present experiment since the trial duration/intertrial interval ration parameter appears to play an important role in autoshaping but not the feature positive effect. |
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0002-9556 |
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Notes |
PMID:532834 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
269 |
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Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.; Barack, R.C. |
Title |
Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Journal of learning disabilities |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Learn Disabil |
Volume |
11 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
540-548 |
Keywords |
*Attention; Child; Child, Preschool; Color Perception; Female; Humans; Hyperkinesis/*psychology; Male; Motor Skills; *Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception |
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0022-2194 |
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Notes |
PMID:731119 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
270 |
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Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Activity and task performance of hyperactive children as a function of environmental stimulation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Consult Clin Psychol |
Volume |
44 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
693-697 |
Keywords |
Achievement; Acoustic Stimulation; *Arousal; Auditory Perception; Child; Humans; Hyperkinesis/*etiology; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception |
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ISSN |
0022-006X |
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Notes |
PMID:965541 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
272 |
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Author |
Mills, D.S.; Riezebos, M. |
Title |
The role of the image of a conspecific in the regulation of stereotypic head movements in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
91 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
155-165 |
Keywords |
Behaviour; Horse; Nodding; Perception; Stereotypy; Vision; Weaving |
Abstract |
Weaving is a common locomotor stereotypy in horses, which has been shown to be reduced by the presence of a mirror in the stable; however, it remains unclear whether this effect is due to the reflected image of a horse or some other property associated with the introduction of a mirror. To investigate this further, the response of six known weaving horses to each of three different types of poster was recorded. The poster images consisted of a life-size image of a horse's face (true image), a version of the same image cut into 54 squares, which were then randomly rearranged (pixilated image) and a blank (white image) display of the same size as the other posters. Four observation periods were included in each of the two days of observation per treatment condition: 08:00-08:30 h, 10:00-10:30 h, 12:00-12:30 h and 16:00-17:00 h. The first observation period was followed by the provision of concentrate feed and forage, the second observation period by exercise, the third by further forage and the fourth by concentrate feed and forage. The horses' activities and positions in the box were scanned at 1 min intervals and the number of observations registering each activity and position was calculated as a percentage of the total number of observations for each observation period. Weaving was significantly less when the horses were provided with the image of a horse's face (mean percentage of observations +/- S.E.M.; 5.56 +/- 1.57), compared to both the pixilated (14.85 +/- 3.06) and white (20.52 +/- 4.12) images. Nodding was significantly less when provided with the true image of a horse (0.45 +/- 0.15) compared to the pixilated image (2.15 +/- 0.67). The pattern of weaving throughout the day differed from that of nodding, and together these results suggest that the two behaviours are not analogous. The presence of the image of the horse's face was associated with a significant increase in alertness (F112,2 = 11.31, p < 0.001) and recorded time spent looking at the poster(F112,2 = 3.46, p < 0.05). The timing of stereotypic head movements in the horse in this study suggests that they are not associated with boredom, or lack of stimulation but rather acute frustration. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
307 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Bergman, T.J. |
Title |
Primate social cognition and the origins of language |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
264-266 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Humans; *Language; Papio; Psychological Theory; Social Behavior; *Social Perception |
Abstract |
Are the cognitive mechanisms underlying language unique, or can similar mechanisms be found in other domains? Recent field experiments demonstrate that baboons' knowledge of their companions' social relationships is based on discrete-valued traits (identity, rank, kinship) that are combined to create a representation of social relations that is hierarchically structured, open-ended, rule-governed, and independent of sensory modality. The mechanisms underlying language might have evolved from the social knowledge of our pre-linguistic primate ancestors. |
Address |
Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu |
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ISSN |
1364-6613 |
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Notes |
PMID:15925802 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
343 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
Title |
Cognitive strategies and the representation of social relations by monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nebr Symp Motiv |
Volume |
47 |
Issue |
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Pages |
145-177 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Biological; Animals; *Evolution; Family; Female; Haplorhini; Male; Memory; Primates; *Selection (Genetics); *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; *Social Perception |
Abstract |
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Address |
University of Pennsylvania, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0146-7875 |
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Notes |
PMID:11759347 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
345 |
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Author |
Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B. |
Title |
The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
109 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
134-141 |
Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; *Awareness; *Concept Formation; *Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal |
Abstract |
Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another. |
Address |
Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:7758289 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
348 |
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Author |
Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.; Smuts, B. |
Title |
Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
234 |
Issue |
4782 |
Pages |
1361-1366 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Primates/*physiology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Perception |
Abstract |
Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics. |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
PMID:3538419 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
349 |
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Author |
Gentner, T.Q.; Fenn, K.M.; Margoliash, D.; Nusbaum, H.C. |
Title |
Recursive syntactic pattern learning by songbirds |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
440 |
Issue |
7088 |
Pages |
1204-1207 |
Keywords |
Acoustic Stimulation; *Animal Communication; Animals; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Humans; *Language; Learning/*physiology; Linguistics; Models, Neurological; Semantics; Starlings/*physiology; Stochastic Processes |
Abstract |
Humans regularly produce new utterances that are understood by other members of the same language community. Linguistic theories account for this ability through the use of syntactic rules (or generative grammars) that describe the acceptable structure of utterances. The recursive, hierarchical embedding of language units (for example, words or phrases within shorter sentences) that is part of the ability to construct new utterances minimally requires a 'context-free' grammar that is more complex than the 'finite-state' grammars thought sufficient to specify the structure of all non-human communication signals. Recent hypotheses make the central claim that the capacity for syntactic recursion forms the computational core of a uniquely human language faculty. Here we show that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) accurately recognize acoustic patterns defined by a recursive, self-embedding, context-free grammar. They are also able to classify new patterns defined by the grammar and reliably exclude agrammatical patterns. Thus, the capacity to classify sequences from recursive, centre-embedded grammars is not uniquely human. This finding opens a new range of complex syntactic processing mechanisms to physiological investigation. |
Address |
Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. tgentner@ucsd.edu |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:16641998 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
353 |
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Author |
Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Miller, N.Y.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
What-where-when memory in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
345-358 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/physiology; Teaching; Visual Perception/physiology |
Abstract |
The authors report a novel approach to testing episodic-like memory for single events. Pigeons were trained in separate sessions to match the identity of a sample on a touch screen, to match its location, and to report on the length of the retention interval. When these 3 tasks were mixed randomly within sessions, birds were more than 80% correct on each task. However, performance on 2 different tests in succession after each sample was not consistent with an integrated memory for sample location, time, and identity. Experiment 2 tested binding of location and identity memories in 2 different ways. The results were again consistent with independent feature memories. Implications for tests of episodic-like memory are discussed. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:17044738 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
357 |
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