| Records |
| Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Juergensen, M.R. |
| Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns |
Type  |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
352-375 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cricetinae; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hypothalamus/*physiology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle/physiology; Mesocricetus; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
Golden hamsters were reinforced with intracranial electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ICS) for spending time engaging in one of seven topographically defined action patterns (APs). The stimulation used as reinforcer elicited hoarding and/or feeding and supported high rates of bar pressing. In Experiment 1, hamsters were reinforced successively for digging, open rearing, and face washing. Digging increased most in time spent, and face washing increased least. Experiments 2-5 examined these effects further and also showed that “scrabbling,” like digging, was performed a large proportion of the time, almost without interruption, for contingent ICS but that scratching the body with a hindleg and scent-marking showed relatively little effect of contingent ICS, the latter even in an environment that facilitated marking. In Experiment 6, naive hamsters received ICS not contingent on behavior every 30 sec (fixed-time 30-sec schedule). Terminal behaviors that developed on this schedule were APs that were easy to reinforce in the other experiments, but a facultative behavior, face washing, was one not so readily reinforced. Experiment 7 confirmed a novel prediction from Experiment 6--that wall rearing, a terminal AP, would be performed at a high level for contingent ICS. All together, the results point to both motivational factors and associative factors being involved in the considerable differences in performance among different reinforced activities. |
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0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:6968817 |
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no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
386 |
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| Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
152-169 |
| Keywords |
Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; *Electroshock; Female; *Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule |
| Abstract |
The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:670890 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
387 |
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| Author |
Anderson , M.C.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Behavioral adaptation to fixed-interval and fixed-time food delivery in golden hamsters |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
33-49 |
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| Abstract |
Food-deprived golden hamsters in a large enclosure received food every 30 sec contingent on lever pressing, or free while their behavior was continuously recorded in terms of an exhaustive classification of motor patterns. As with other species in other situations, behavior became organized into two main classes. One (terminal behaviors) increased in probability throughout interfood intervals; the other (interim behaviors) peaked earlier in interfood intervals. Which class an activity belonged to was independent of whether food was contingent on lever pressing. When food was omitted on some of the intervals (thwarting), the terminal activities began sooner in the next interval, and different interim activities changed in different ways. The interim activities did not appear to be schedule-induced in the usual sense. Rather, the hamsters left the area of the feeder when food was not due and engaged in activities they would normally perform in the experimental environment. |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:16811980 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
388 |
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| Author |
Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Further studies of the sea-finding mechanism in green turtle hatchlings |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
51 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
195-208 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Newborn/physiology; Contact Lenses; Locomotion; *Orientation; Retina/physiology; *Turtles/physiology; Visual Fields; *Visual Perception; Water |
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0005-7959 |
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| Notes |
PMID:4447586 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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389 |
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| Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Stimulus relevance in the control of drinking and conditioned fear responses in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative and physiological psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Physiol Psychol |
| Volume |
80 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
175-198 |
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Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Perception; Chickens; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; *Drinking Behavior; Electroshock; *Fear; *Light; Motor Activity; Photic Stimulation; Punishment; Quinine; *Sound; Taste; Visual Perception |
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0021-9940 |
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PMID:5047826 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
390 |
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Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Wavelength preferences and brightness cues in the water finding behaviour of sea turtles |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1968 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
211-257 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Color Perception; Cues; Light; *Turtles; Water |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:5717260 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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391 |
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Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
305-315 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:5961499 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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392 |
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| Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Animal cognition and animal behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
61 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
277-286 |
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| Abstract |
Cognitive processes such as perception, learning, memory and decision making play an important role in mate choice, foraging and many other behaviours. In this review, I summarize a few key ideas about animal cognition developed in a recent book (Shettleworth 1998, Cognition, Evolution and Behaviour) and briefly review some areas in which interdisciplinary research on animal cognition is currently proving especially productive. Cognition, broadly defined, includes all ways in which animals take in information through the senses, process, retain and decide to act on it. Studying animal cognition does not entail any particular position on whether or to what degree animals are conscious. Neither does it entail rejecting behaviourism in that one of the greatest challenges in studing animal cognition is to formulate clear behavioural criteria for inferring specific mental processes. Tests of whether or not apparently goal-directed behaviour is controlled by a representation of its goal, episodic-like memory in birds, and deceptive behaviour in monkeys provide examples. Functional modelling has been integrated with analyses of cognitive mechanisms in a number of areas, including studies of communication, models of how predator learning and attention affect the evolution of conspicuous and cryptic prey, tests of the relationship betweeen ecological demands on spatial cognition and brain evolution, and in research on social learning. Rather than a `new field' of cognitive ecology, such interdisciplinary research on animal cognition exemplifies a revival of interest in proximate mechanisms of behaviour. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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397 |
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Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
The evolution of comparative cognition: is the snark still a Boojum? |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Behav Processes |
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80 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Shettleworth2009 |
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6231 |
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