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Mettke-Hofmann, C.; Winkler, H.; Leisler, B. |
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Title |
The Significance of Ecological Factors for Exploration and Neophobia in Parrots |
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Year |
2002 |
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Ethology |
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108 |
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3 |
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249-272 |
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Exploratory behaviour plays an important role in most animals for gathering information about their environment. If it constitutes an adaptation to different environmental conditions exploratory behaviour should differ between species. This has been tested with several hypotheses. Sixty-one parrot species (Psittacidae) from eight tribes with different diets and habitat preferences were investigated in aviaries. Two tests were carried out. First, a novel object (wooden ring) in the familiar aviary was presented on two test days in the exploration test. Latencies until first contact with the object and the duration of exploration were recorded. Secondly, in the neophobia test, novel objects were placed beside the feeding dish and latencies until first food intake were recorded. The exploration and neophobia data were related to 12 (13) ecological variables using multiple regression analyses. Phylogenetic relationships were considered. Species that inhabit complex habitats, such as forest edges, or that feed on buds or species from islands showed the shortest latencies in the exploration test. In contrast, long latencies were related to a diet including a great amount of seeds and/or flowers. The longest duration of exploration occurred in species eating nuts or originating from islands, whereas short durations were related to feeding on seeds. Neophobia was positively related to a diet consisting of insects, and negatively to a diet of leaves. There was no relationship between measures of exploration and neophobia. Exploration and neophobia seem to be tightly related to the ecology of a species. |
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Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5617 |
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McDonough, P.; Kindig, C.A.; Ramsel, C.; Poole, D.C.; Erickson, H.H. |
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Title |
The effect of treadmill incline on maximal oxygen uptake, gas exchange and the metabolic response to exercise in the horse |
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2002 |
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Experimental Physiology |
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87 |
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04 |
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499-506 M3 - null |
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In healthy man, conditions that change muscle O2 delivery affect the achievable maximum rate of O2 uptake (V[dot above]O2,max) as well as the metabolic (e.g. lactate threshold, LT) and gas exchange (e.g. gas exchange threshold, Tge) responses to incremental exercise. Inclined (I) compared to level (L) running increases locomotory muscle EMG at a given speed in the horse, indicative of elevated metabolic demand. To our knowledge, the effect of treadmill incline on V[dot above]O2,max, LT and Tge has not been addressed in the exercising quadruped. We used blood sampling and breath-by-breath expired gas analysis to test the hypothesis that I (10 % gradient) would increase V[dot above]O2,max and the rate of O2 uptake (V[dot above]O2) at LT and Tge in six Thoroughbred horses during incremental running to volitional fatigue. V[dot above]O2,max was significantly higher for I (I, 77.8 ± 4.1; L, 65.5 ± 5.3 l min-1; P < 0.05), but peak plasma lactate concentration was not (I, 28.0 ± 3.7; L, 25.9 ± 3.0 mM). Arterial PCO2 increased to 62.1 ± 3.3 and 57.9 ± 2.7 Torr (I vs. L; P < 0.05), yet despite this relative hypoventilation, a distinct Tge was present. This Tge occurred at a significantly different absolute (I, 49.6 ± 3.2; L, 42.4 ± 3.2 l min-1; P < 0.05), but nearly identical relative V[dot above]O2 (I, 63.6 ± 1.2; L, 63.9 ± 1.6 % V[dot above]O2,max) in I and L. Similarly, LT occurred at a significantly greater absolute V[dot above]O2 (I, 37.3 ± 2.8; L, 26.9 ± 2.1 l min-1), but a relative V[dot above]O2 that was not different (I, 47.9 ± 2.1; L, 43.9 ± 4.5 % V[dot above]O2,max). In addition, Tge occurred at a significantly higher (P [less-than-or-equal] 0.05) absolute and relative V[dot above]O2 than LT for both I and L tests. In conclusion, V[dot above]O2,max is higher during inclined than level running and both LT and Tge in the horse occur at a similar percentage of V[dot above]O2,max irrespective of the absolute level of V[dot above]O2,max. In contrast to humans, LT is a poor analogue of Tge in the horse. |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
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1469-445x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5650 |
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Pfister, J.A.; Stegelmeier, B.L.; Cheney, C.D.; Ralphs, M.H.; Gardner, D.R. |
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Title |
Conditioning taste aversions to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim. Sci. |
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80 |
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1 |
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79-83 |
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Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) is a serious poisoning problem for horses grazing on infested rangelands in the western United States. Our objectives were to determine 1) whether lithium chloride or apomorphine would condition aversions to palatable foods, and at what doses, and 2) whether horses could be averted to fresh locoweed in a pen and grazing situation. Apomorphine was not an acceptable aversive agent because at the dose required to condition an aversion (> or = 0.17 mg/kg BW), apomorphine induced unacceptable behavioral effects. Lithium chloride given via stomach tube at 190 mg/kg BW conditioned strong and persistent aversions to palatable feeds with minor signs of distress. Pen and grazing tests were conducted in Colorado to determine if horses could be averted to fresh locoweed. Pen tests indicated that most horses (5/6) were completely averted from locoweed. Treated horses ate 34 g of fresh locoweed compared to 135 g for controls (P < 0.01) during three pen tests when offered 150 g per test. One horse (T) in the treatment group ate locoweed each time it was offered in the pen, but ate no locoweed while grazing. In the grazing trial, control horses averaged 8.6% of bites of locoweed (P < 0.01) during the grazing portion of the study, whereas treated horses averaged <0.5%. One treated horse (S) accounted for all consumption; he consumed 15% of his bites as locoweed in a grazing bout on d 2 of the field study. Thereafter, he was dosed a second time with lithium chloride and ate no locoweed in the subsequent 5 d. Three of six horses required two pairings of lithium chloride with fresh locoweed to condition a complete aversion. The results of this study indicate that horses can be averted from locoweed using lithium chloride as an aversive agent, and this may provide a management tool to reduce the risk of intoxication for horses grazing locoweed-infested rangeland. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5682 |
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Author |
Westergaard, G.C.; Suomi, S.J.; Higley, J.D. |
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Title |
Handedness is associated with immune functioning and behavioural reactivity in rhesus macaques |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Laterality |
Abbreviated Journal |
Laterality |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
359-369 |
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In the present study we examined the relationship among handedness, immune functioning, and behavioural reactivity in rhesus macaques. We used the absolute number of CD4+ (T-helper) and CD8+ (T-suppressor) cells as dependent measures of immune functioning. We derived reactivity profiles from behavioural responses to a threat, and hand preference profiles from a quadrupedal food-reaching test. The results indicate positive correlations between the frequency of right versus left hand reaches and the absolute number of CD4+ cells, and between the frequency of right versus left hand reaches and the degree of human-directed aggression in response to an invasive threat. Immune measures were not associated with the strength of hand preference. These results are consistent with and extend previous findings obtained with rodents to nonhuman primates and provide further support for the view that behavioural lateralisation is associated with immune functioning and behavioural reactivity. |
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Routledge |
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1357-650x |
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doi: 10.1080/13576500143000230 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5779 |
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Kusunose, R.; Yamanobe, A. |
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The effect of training schedule on learned tasks in yearling horses |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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78 |
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2 |
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225-233 |
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Twelve yearlings were divided into two groups and subjected to two different training schedules: (a) 30min of training daily (the daily trained group); and (b) 30min of training for 4 days, followed by a 3-day rest (the intermittently trained group), in order to compare the effect of two training methods on the ability of the horses to learn to be driven and ridden and to respond to the handlers? cues. The length of this experimental training was 17 days. The first step of training was surcingling and proceeded to lunging, to driving from the ground, and finally to being ridden at a trot on a track. Both groups were tested four times during the experimental period when they were at the same stage of training. They were driven and then ridden at a walk by a rider on a specified course and evaluated. The time to complete the course, accuracy of traveling the course, and heart rate during the test were used as the indicators of success in training. In three out of the four tests, the daily trained group tended to move faster and with more accuracy than the intermittently trained group. It would appear that daily training without a long interruption is more effective for yearlings. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00089-8 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6382 |
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Podsakoff, P.M.; MacKenzie, S. B.; Lee, J.-Y.; Podsakoff, N. P. |
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Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. |
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2002 |
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Journal of Applied Psychology |
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J. Appl. Psychol. |
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85 |
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5 |
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879-903 |
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Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6435 |
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Walpole, M.J.; Leader-Williams, N. |
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Tourism and flagship species in conservation |
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2002 |
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Biodivers Conserv |
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11 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Walpole2002 |
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6446 |
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Jedrzejewski, W.; Schmidt, K.; Theuerkauf, J.; Jedrzejewska, B.; Selva, N.; Zub, K. |
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Kill rate and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Bialowieza primeval forest (Poland) |
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2002 |
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Ecology |
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83 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jedrzejewski2002 |
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6481 |
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Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E.; Mauri, L.; Scandura, M.; Apollonio, M. |
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Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs |
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2002 |
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Ital J Zool |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gazzola2002 |
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6495 |
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Murphy, M.A.; Waits, L.P.; Kendall, K.C.; Wasser, S.K.; Higbee, J.A.; Bogden, R. |
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An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples |
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2002 |
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Conservation Genetics |
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Conservat. Genet. |
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3 |
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4 |
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435-440 |
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Relatively few large-scale faecal DNA studieshave been initiated due to difficulties inamplifying low quality and quantity DNAtemplate. To improve brown bear faecal DNA PCRamplification success rates and to determinepost collection sample longevity, fivepreservation methods were evaluated: 90%ethanol, DETs buffer, silica-dried, oven-driedstored at room temperature, and oven-driedstored at -20 °C. Preservationeffectiveness was evaluated for 50 faecalsamples by PCR amplification of a mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA) locus (~146 bp) and a nuclear DNA(nDNA) locus (~200 bp) at time points of oneweek, one month, three months and six months. Preservation method and storage timesignificantly impacted mtDNA and nDNAamplification success rates. For mtDNA, allpreservation methods had >= 75% success atone week, but storage time had a significantimpact on the effectiveness of the silicapreservation method. Ethanol preserved sampleshad the highest success rates for both mtDNA(86.5%) and nDNA (84%). Nuclear DNAamplification success rates ranged from 26-88%, and storage time had a significant impacton all methods but ethanol. Preservationmethod and storage time should be importantconsiderations for researchers planningprojects utilizing faecal DNA. We recommendpreservation of faecal samples in 90% ethanolwhen feasible, although when collecting inremote field conditions or for both DNA andhormone assays a dry collection method may beadvantageous. |
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1572-9737 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Murphy2002 |
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6574 |
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