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Author |
James, R.; Bennett, P.G.; Krause, J. |
Title |
Geometry for mutualistic and selfish herds: the limited domain of danger |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
Volume |
228 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
107-113 |
Keywords |
Aggregation; Selfish herd; Limited domains |
Abstract |
We present a two-dimensional individual-based model of aggregation behaviour in animals by introducing the concept of a “limited domain of danger”, which represents either a limited detection range or a limited attack range of predators. The limited domain of danger provides a suitable framework for the analysis of individual movement rules under real-life conditions because it takes into account the predator's prey detection and capture abilities. For the first time, a single geometrical construct can be used to analyse the predation risk of both peripheral and central individuals in a group. Furthermore, our model provides a conceptual framework that can be equally applied to aggregation behaviour and refuge use and thus presents a conceptual advance on current theory that treats these antipredator behaviours separately. An analysis of individual movement rules using limited domains of danger showed that the time minimization strategy outcompetes the nearest neighbour strategy proposed by Hamilton's (J. Theor. Biol. 31 (1971) 295) selfish herd model, whereas a random strategy confers no benefit and can even be disadvantageous. The superior performance of the time minimization strategy highlights the importance of taking biological constraints, such as an animal's orientation relative to its neighbours, into account when searching for efficient movement rules underlying the aggregation process. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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552 |
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Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J.; Franks, N.R.; Levin, S.A. |
Title |
Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
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Nature |
Volume |
433 |
Issue |
7025 |
Pages |
513-516 |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature03236 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4827 |
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Author |
Dyer, J.R.G.; Johansson, A.; Helbing, D.; Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J. |
Title |
Leadership, consensus decision making and collective behaviour in humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
Volume |
364 |
Issue |
1518 |
Pages |
781-789 |
Keywords |
* leadership * consensus decision making * collective behaviour * human group |
Abstract |
This paper reviews the literature on leadership in vertebrate groups, including recent work on human groups, before presenting the results of three new experiments looking at leadership and decision making in small and large human groups. In experiment 1, we find that both group size and the presence of uninformed individuals can affect the speed with which small human groups (eight people) decide between two opposing directional preferences and the likelihood of the group splitting. In experiment 2, we show that the spatial positioning of informed individuals within small human groups (10 people) can affect the speed and accuracy of group motion. We find that having a mixture of leaders positioned in the centre and on the edge of a group increases the speed and accuracy with which the group reaches their target. In experiment 3, we use large human crowds (100 and 200 people) to demonstrate that the trends observed from earlier work using small human groups can be applied to larger crowds. We find that only a small minority of informed individuals is needed to guide a large uninformed group. These studies build upon important theoretical and empirical work on leadership and decision making in animal groups. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5122 |
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Conradt, L.; Krause, J.; Couzin, I. D.; Roper, T. J. |
Title |
“Leading According to Need” in Self-Organizing Groups |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
The American Naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Nat |
Volume |
173 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
304-312 |
Keywords |
behavioral synchrony, collective group decisions, democracy and egalitarianism in animals, public goods experiments, sexual segregation, social choice theory |
Abstract |
Self‐organizing‐system approaches have shed significant light on the mechanisms underlying synchronized movements by large groups of animals, such as shoals of fish, flocks of birds, or herds of ungulates. However, these approaches rarely consider conflicts of interest between group members, although there is reason to suppose that such conflicts are commonplace. Here, we demonstrate that, where conflicts exist, individual members of self‐organizing groups can, in principle, increase their influence on group movement destination by strategically changing simple behavioral parameters (namely, movement speed, assertiveness, and social attraction range). However, they do so at the expense of an increased risk of group fragmentation and a decrease in movement efficiency. We argue that the resulting trade‐offs faced by each group member render it likely that group movements are led by those members for which reaching a particular destination is most crucial or group cohesion is least important. We term this phenomenon leading according to “need” or “social indifference,” respectively. Both kinds of leading can occur in the absence of knowledge of or communication about the needs of other group members and without the assumption of altruistic cooperation. We discuss our findings in the light of observations on fish and other vertebrates. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5121 |
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Author |
Krause, J.; Bumann, D.; Todt, D. |
Title |
Relationship between the position preference and nutritional state of individuals in schools of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume |
30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
177-180 |
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Position preferences of well-fed and food-deprived juvenile roach were investigated in schools of 2 and 4 fish in the laboratory. Food-deprived fish appeared significantly more often in the front position than their well-fed conspecifics. For fish at the same hunger level, individuals at the front of the school had the highest feeding rate. These results represent the first evidence for a relationship between the nutritional state of individual fish and their positions in a school and suggest a functional advantage of the preference. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5140 |
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Author |
Krause, J.; Croft, D.; James, R. |
Title |
Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: potential applications |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume |
62 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-27 |
Keywords |
Social networks – Social organisation – Mate choice – Disease transmission – Information transfer – Cooperation |
Abstract |
Abstract Social network theory has made major contributions to our understanding of human social organisation but has found relatively little application in the field of animal behaviour. In this review, we identify several broad research areas where the networks approach could greatly enhance our understanding of social patterns and processes in animals. The network theory provides a quantitative framework that can be used to characterise social structure both at the level of the individual and the population. These novel quantitative variables may provide a new tool in addressing key questions in behavioural ecology particularly in relation to the evolution of social organisation and the impact of social structure on evolutionary processes. For example, network measures could be used to compare social networks of different species or populations making full use of the comparative approach. However, the networks approach can in principle go beyond identifying structural patterns and also can help with the understanding of processes within animal populations such as disease transmission and information transfer. Finally, understanding the pattern of interactions in the network (i.e. who is connected to whom) can also shed some light on the evolution of behavioural strategies. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5171 |
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Bode, N.W.F.; Faria, J.J.; Franks, D.W.; Krause, J.; Wood, A.J. |
Title |
How perceived threat increases synchronization in collectively moving animal groups |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
Volume |
277 |
Issue |
1697 |
Pages |
3065-3070 |
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Abstract |
Nature is rich with many different examples of the cohesive motion of animals. Previous attempts to model collective motion have primarily focused on group behaviours of identical individuals. In contrast, we put our emphasis on modelling the contributions of different individual-level characteristics within such groups by using stochastic asynchronous updating of individual positions and orientations. Our model predicts that higher updating frequency, which we relate to perceived threat, leads to more synchronized group movement, with speed and nearest-neighbour distributions becoming more uniform. Experiments with three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that were exposed to different threat levels provide strong empirical support for our predictions. Our results suggest that the behaviour of fish (at different states of agitation) can be explained by a single parameter in our model: the updating frequency. We postulate a mechanism for collective behavioural changes in different environment-induced contexts, and explain our findings with reference to confusion and oddity effects. |
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10.1098/rspb.2010.0855 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5188 |
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Author |
Faria, J.J.; Dyer, J.R.G.; Tosh, C.R.; Krause, J. |
Title |
Leadership and social information use in human crowds |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
79 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
895-901 |
Keywords |
collective animal behaviour; group; human; inadvertent social cue; information; leadership |
Abstract |
One of the big challenges for group-living animals is to find out who in a group has pertinent information (regarding food or predators) at any moment in time, because informed individuals may not be obviously recognizable to other group members. We found that individuals in human groups were capable of identifying those with information, and this identification increased group performance: the speed and accuracy of groups in reaching a target. Using video analysis we found how informed individuals might have been identified by other group members by means of inadvertent social cues (such as starting order, time spent following and group position). Furthermore, we were able to show that at least one of these cues, the group position of informed individuals, was indeed correlated with group performance. Our final experiment confirmed that leadership was even more efficient when the group members were given the identity of the leader. We discuss the effect of information status regarding the presence and identity of leaders on collective animal behaviour. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5192 |
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Author |
James, R.; Croft, D.; Krause, J. |
Title |
Potential banana skins in animal social network analysis |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume |
63 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
989-997-997 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
Abstract |
Social network analysis is an increasingly popular tool for the study of the fine-scale and global social structure of animals. It has attracted particular attention by those attempting to unravel social structure in fission–fusion populations. It is clear that the social network approach offers some exciting opportunities for gaining new insights into social systems. However, some of the practices which are currently being used in the animal social networks literature are at worst questionable and at best over-enthusiastic. We highlight some of the areas of method, analysis and interpretation in which greater care may be needed in order to ensure that the biology we extract from our networks is robust. In particular, we suggest that more attention should be given to whether relational data are representative, the potential effect of observational errors and the choice and use of statistical tests. The importance of replication and manipulation must not be forgotten, and the interpretation of results requires care. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5206 |
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Krause, S.; Mattner, L.; James, R.; Guttridge, T.; Corcoran, M.; Gruber, S.; Krause, J. |
Title |
Social network analysis and valid Markov chain Monte Carlo tests of null models |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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63 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1089-1096-1096 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
Abstract |
Analyses of animal social networks derived from group-based associations often rely on randomisation methods developed in ecology (Manly, Ecology 76:1109–1115, 1995) and made available to the animal behaviour community through implementation of a pair-wise swapping algorithm by Bejder et al. (Anim Behav 56:719–725, 1998). We report a correctable flaw in this method and point the reader to a wider literature on the subject of null models in the ecology literature. We illustrate the importance of correcting the method using a toy network and use it to make a preliminary analysis of a network of associations among eagle rays. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5208 |
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