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	Author	Friedberger, J.C.
	Title	Modern horse training methods--what is justifiable?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1970	Publication	The Veterinary Record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
	Volume	87	Issue	8	Pages	229-231
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Ethics; Horses; Learning
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5529870			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1967
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	Author	Marchal, P.; Anderson, J.R.
	Title	Mirror-image responses in capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus): social responses and use of reflected environmental information			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	61	Issue	3	Pages	165-173
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cebus/psychology; Cognition; Female; Male; Self Concept; Sex Factors; Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address	Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie (CNRS URA 1295), Universite Louis-Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8206423			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4180
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	72	Issue	2	Pages	173-183
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; Imagination; Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16466863			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	218
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	Author	Craig, J.V.
	Title	Measuring social behavior: social dominance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	62	Issue	4	Pages	1120-1129
	Keywords	Aggression; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Chickens; Competitive Behavior; Female; Horses; Male; Social Dominance; Swine
	Abstract	Social dominance develops more slowly when young animals are kept in intact peer groups where they need not compete for resources. Learned generalizations may cause smaller and weaker animals to accept subordinate status readily when confronted with strangers that would be formidable opponents. Sexual hormones and sensitivity to them can influence the onset of aggression and status attained. After dominance orders are established, they tend to be stable in female groups but are less so in male groups. Psychological influences can affect dominance relationships when strangers meet and social alliances within groups may affect relative status of individuals. Whether status associated with agonistic behavior is correlated with control of space and scarce resources needs to be determined for each species and each kind of resource. When such correlations exists, competitive tests and agonistic behavior associated with gaining access to scarce resources can be useful to the observer in learning about dominance relationships rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate how estimates of social dominance can be readily attained and some strengths and weaknesses of the various methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3519554			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	676
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	Author	Santos, L.R.; Rosati, A.; Sproul, C.; Spaulding, B.; Hauser, M.D.
	Title	Means-means-end tool choice in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus): finding the limits on primates' knowledge of tools			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	236-246
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Female; Male; Problem Solving; Saguinus/psychology
	Abstract	Most studies of animal tool use require subjects to use one object to gain access to a food reward. In many real world situations, however, animals perform more than one action in sequence to achieve their goals. Of theoretical interest is whether animals have the cognitive capacity to recognize the relationship between consecutive action sequences in which there may be one overall goal and several subgoals. Here we ask if cotton-top tamarins, a species that in captivity uses tools to solve means-end problems, can go one step further and use a sequence of tools (means) to obtain food (end). We first trained subjects to use a pulling tool to obtain a food reward. After this initial training, subjects were presented with problems in which one tool had to be used in combination with a second in order to obtain food. Subjects showed great difficulty when two tools were required to obtain the food reward. Although subjects attended to the connection between the tool and food reward, they ignored the physical connection between the two tools. After training on a two-tool problem, we presented subjects with a series of transfer tests to explore if they would generalize to new types of connections between the tools. Subjects readily transferred to new connections. Our results therefore provide the first evidence to date that tamarins can learn to solve problems involving two tools, but that they do so only with sufficient training.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. laurie.santos@yale.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15668762			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2495
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	Author	Heinrich, B.; Bugnyar, T.
	Title	Just how smart are ravens?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	296	Issue	4	Pages	64-71
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Crows/physiology; Environment; *Intelligence; Predatory Behavior; Problem Solving; Thinking
	Abstract
	Address	University of Vermont, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17479632			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4101
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	Author	Whiten, A.; McGrew, W.C.
	Title	Is this the first portrayal of tool use by a chimp?			Type
	Year	2001	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	409	Issue	6816	Pages	12
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Philately
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11343083			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	739
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	Author	Waite, T.A.
	Title	Interruptions improve choice performance in gray jays: prolonged information processing versus minimization of costly errors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	209-214
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Female; Learning; Male; Models, Biological; Motivation; Reinforcement Schedule; Songbirds/*physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	Under the assumption that selection favors minimization of costly errors, erroneous choice may be common when its fitness cost is low. According to an adaptive-choice model, this cost depends on the rate at which an animal encounters the choice: the higher this rate, the smaller the cost of choosing a less valuable option. Errors should thus be more common when interruptions to foraging are shorter. A previous experiment supported this prediction: gray jays, Perisoreus canadensis, were more error prone when subjected to shorter delays to access to food rewards. This pattern, though, is also predicted by an attentional-constraints model. Because the subjects were able to inspect the rewards during delays, their improved performance when subjected to longer delays could have been a byproduct of the experimentally prolonged opportunity for information processing. To evaluate this possibility, a follow-up experiment manipulated both delay to access and whether rewards could be inspected during delays. Depriving jays of the opportunity to inspect rewards (using opaque lids) induced only a small, nonsignificant increase in error rate. This effect was independent of length of delay and so the jays' improved performance when subjected to longer delays was not simply a byproduct of prolonged information processing. More definitively, even when the jays were prevented from inspecting rewards during delays, their performance improved when subjected to longer delays. The findings are thus consistent with the adaptive-choice model.
	Address	Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1293, USA. waite.1@osu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12461598			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2592
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	Author	Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	41	Issue	3	Pages	213-228
	Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological
	Abstract	This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition.
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9057966			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	203
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	Author	Chase, I.D.; Tovey, C.; Spangler-Martin, D.; Manfredonia, M.
	Title	Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	99	Issue	8	Pages	5744-5749
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Fishes; Humans; Social Behavior; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	Linear hierarchies, the classical pecking-order structures, are formed readily in both nature and the laboratory in a great range of species including humans. However, the probability of getting linear structures by chance alone is quite low. In this paper we investigate the two hypotheses that are proposed most often to explain linear hierarchies: they are predetermined by differences in the attributes of animals, or they are produced by the dynamics of social interaction, i.e., they are self-organizing. We evaluate these hypotheses using cichlid fish as model animals, and although differences in attributes play a significant part, we find that social interaction is necessary for high proportions of groups with linear hierarchies. Our results suggest that dominance hierarchy formation is a much richer and more complex phenomenon than previously thought, and we explore the implications of these results for evolutionary biology, the social sciences, and the use of animal models in understanding human social organization.
	Address	Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4356, USA. Ichase@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11960030			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	442
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