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| Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.; Houpt, K.A. |
Title  |
The ontogeny of flehmen in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
33 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
739-745 |
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Flehmen behaviour in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mares and foals living on pasture was observed during 807 h of focal sampling. A series of flehmens performed at one site was defined as a flehmen incident. Colts exhibited flehmen incidents and performed flehmen more frequently during an incident than did fillies or mares. Filies exhibited flehmen incidents more frequently than did mares, but did not flehmen more frequently during an incident. Colts exhibited a peak frequency of performing flehmen and of flehmen incidents during weeks 1-4 with a subsequent linear decrease in frequency up to weeks 17-20. Usually, flehmen occurred without the subject having had direct contact of the nostrils, lips, or tongue with a possible stimulant. Twenty-six per cent of the flehmen incidents occurred during or after urination by another pony. Seven per cent of the incidents occurred during or after urination by the pony showing flehmen. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2261 |
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Mateo, J.M. |
| Title |
The nature and representation of individual recognition odours in Belding's ground squirrels |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
71 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
141-154 |
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In many taxonomic groups, odours provide cues to species identity, reproductive status, genetic relatedness and individual identity. These odour cues are often used to mark territories or other resources and to recognize individuals through direct or indirect olfactory investigation. Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi, frequently scent-mark their environment and they also investigate the scent glands of conspecifics, which suggests that odours play a modulating role in their social relationships. I conducted studies to determine what information is conveyed by various S. beldingi odours and whether this information is used by conspecifics for social recognition. Spermophilus beldingi produce a number of cues that are individually distinct, including odours from oral, dorsal, pedal and anal glands and from ears, but apparently not from urine, although it is unclear whether all of these odours are used for social recognition. This discrimination among odours of individuals does not require prior familiarity with the odour bearers. The volatile components of some odours are sufficient to permit individual discrimination, which may explain how animals appear to [`]recognize' each other from a short distance. Finally, S. beldingi incorporate multiple odours into their memories of conspecifics as perception of one odour of an individual generalizes to a second odour from it, suggesting a mental representation of familiar individuals. The production of multiple unique odours may facilitate accurate discrimination of conspecifics along several social dimensions, and some of these odours also vary with relatedness. Together, these results indicate a rich olfactory milieu mediating the social lives of S. beldingi. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4640 |
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Rendall, D.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Owren, M.J. |
| Title |
The meaning and function of grunt variants in baboons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
57 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
583-592 |
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Wild baboons Papio cynocephalus ursinus, give tonal, harmonically rich vocalizations, termed grunts, in at least two distinct, behavioural contexts: when about to embark on a move across an open area ('move' grunts); and when approaching mothers and attempting to inspect or handle their young infants ('infant' grunts). Grunts in these two contexts elicit different responses from receivers and appear to be acoustically distinct (Owren et al. 1997 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America101 2951-2963). Differences in responses to grunts in the two contexts may, then, be due to acoustic differences, reflecting at least a rudimentary capacity for referential signalling. Alternatively, responses may differ simply due to differences in the contexts in which the grunts are being produced. We conducted playback experiments to test between these hypotheses. Experiments were designed to control systematically the effects of both context and acoustic features so as to evaluate the role of each in determining responses to grunts. In playback trials, subjects differentiated between putative move and infant grunts. Their responses based only on the acoustic features of grunts were functionally distinct and mirrored their behaviour to naturally occurring move and infant grunts. However, subjects' responses were in some cases also affected by the context in which grunts were presented, and by an interaction between the context and the acoustic features of the grunts. Furthermore, responses to grunts were affected by the relative rank difference between the caller and the subject. These results indicate that baboon grunts can function in rudimentary referential fashion, but that the context in which grunts are produced and the social identity of callers can also affect recipients' responses. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. |
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Departments of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:10196047 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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696 |
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Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Albon, S.D.; Gibson, R.M.; Guinness, F.E. |
| Title |
The logical stag: Adaptive aspects of fighting in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
Part 1 |
Pages |
211-225 |
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For red deer stags, fighting both has appreciable costs and yields considerable benefits. Up to 6% of rutting stags are permanently injured each year, while fighting success and reproductive success are closely related, within age groups as well as across them. Fighting behaviour is sensitive to changes in the potential benefits of fighting: stags fight most frequently and most intensely where potential benefits are high and tend to avoid fighting with individuals they are unlikely to beat. The relevance of these findings to theoretical models of fighting behaviour is discussed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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860 |
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Smith, J.M.; Parker, G.A. |
| Title |
The logic of asymmetric contests |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
159-175 |
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A theoretical analysis is made of the evolution of behavioural strategies in contest situations. It is assumed that behaviour will evolve so as to maximize individual fitness. If so, a population will evolve an [`]evolutionarily stable strategy', or ESS, which can be defined as a strategy such that, if all members of a population adopt it, no [`]mutant' strategy can do better. A number of simple models of contest situations are analysed from this point of view. It is concluded that in [`]symmetric' contests the ESS is likely to be a [`]mixed' strategy; that is, either the population will be genetically polymorphic or individuals will be behaviourally variable. Most real contests are probably asymmetric, either in pay-off to the contestants, or in size or weapons, or in some [`]uncorrelated' fashion; i.e. in a fashion which does not substantially bias either the pay-offs or the likely outcome of an escalated contest. An example of an uncorrelated asymmetry is that between the [`]discoverer' of a resource and a [`]late-comer'. It is shown that the ESS in asymmetric contests will usually be to permit the asymmetric cue to settle the contest without escalation. Escalated contests will, however, occur if information to the contestants about the asymmetry is imperfect. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5103 |
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Jacobs, A.; Maumy, M.; Petit, O. |
| Title |
The influence of social organisation on leadership in brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) in a controlled environment |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
111-113 |
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Animals; *Decision Making; Dominance-Subordination; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; Group Structure; *Leadership; Lemur/*psychology; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Environment |
| Abstract |
Studies on leadership during group movements in several lemur species showed that females were responsible for the travelling choices concerning time and direction. Interestingly, in these species females are dominant over males. We investigated the influence of social organisation upon leadership processes by studying a lemur species in which social organisation is characterized by the absence of female dominance: the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). The study was conducted on a semi-free ranging group of 11 individuals and the analysis performed on 69 group movements showed that all the individuals could initiate a group movement. In 34 cases, the whole group moved. There was no significant difference in the number of start attempts or in the number of group members involved from one initiator to another. Moreover, there was no effect of sex or age of the initiator on the number of individuals following it or on the speed of the joining process. Therefore, the leadership observed is widely distributed to all group members. These results support the hypothesis of an influence of social organisation upon the decision-making processes but still remain to be studied in a more relevant ecological context. |
| Address |
IPHC-DEPE, Equipe d'ethologie des primates, UMR 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Universite Louis Pasteur and Centre de Primatologie, Strasbourg, France |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:18586413 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5127 |
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Sherwin, C.M.; Johnson, K.G. |
| Title |
The influence of social factors on the use of shade by sheep |
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Journal Article |
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1987 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
18 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-155 |
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Individual differences in shading behaviour within a flock of sheep could be due to differences in thermoregulatory capabilities or to the influence of social factors. The possible influence of social factors on shade-use is examined in this paper. Two measures of dominance were made on 39 Merino wethers. These were based on the hierarchy determined by butting during feeding and on priority of access to limited feed. Leadership was also assessed while driving the sheep to a woolshed and as the sheep entered weighing scales. These behavioural traits were compared with leadership to shade and shade-use observed on 9 days during summer in a small pastureless enclosure containing natural shade. Maximum ambient temperature on these 9 days varied between 29.0 and 39.5[degree sign]C. All behavioural traits examined were significantly repeatable. The two dominance ranks were negatively correlated (P<0.05). The butting hierarchy was correlated with shading behaviour; those sheep that butted the larger proportion of the flock were seen to shade for longer periods of time (P=0.05). This relationship became more significant as environmental temperature increased. Significant (P<0.05) differences in the amount of time each sheep spent shading were evident throughout the flock, but in particular seven individuals shaded much less than others. Shade-use increased in hot weather and was slightly more strongly correlated with radiation load than with air temperature. The non-shading leadership ranks were related neither to each other nor to the leadership to shade. However, the sheep that moved to shade first remained there longest (P<0.05). Reduced motivation to feed did not appear to explain early movement to shade. Few overtly aggressive or other interactions between animals were seen to be associated with movements to or within shade. Nonetheless, the results indicate that social forces do exert some influence on shade-use. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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2037 |
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Mal, M.E.; McCall ,C.A. |
| Title |
The influence of handling during different ages on a halter training test in foals |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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5 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
115-120 |
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Ten foals were used to determine effects of handling during different ages on their ability to perform a halter training test. Early-handled (EH) foals (n = 5) were handled in 10 min sessions 5 d weekly from 24 h after birth until 42 d of age, then were not handled from 43 to 84 d of age. Later-handled (LH) foals (n = 5) were not handled from birth to 42 d of age, then were handled in 10-min sessions 5 d weekly from 43 to 84 d of age. At 85 d of age, each foal was subjected to a 10 min halter training test for 5 consecutive d. The test consisted of an unfamiliar handler placing a halter on each foal and attempting to make the foal walk forward for 20 m. Data recorded during each d of the halter training were duration of initial struggle, number of lunges into the air, time to first forward step, time to five consecutive forward steps, and time to travel 20 m. At the end of the 5 d halter training test, the handler assigned a subjective test rating score to each foal based on ease of training. Split-plot analysis indicated that EH foals took less time (P < 0.05) to take one step forward, five consecutive steps forward, and to travel 20 m than LH foals. One-way ANOVA indicated that EH foals had a lower (more desirable) test ratings than LH foals (P < 0.01). Results indicate that handling throughout the first 42 d of life increased foal performance on this halter training task compared to handling from 43 to 84 d of age. These results may imply the existence of a critical handling period during the first 42 d of age or a phenomenon similar to learned helplessness |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ http://www.ag.auburn.edu/ansc/ResPrograms/influ_age.html |
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3665 |
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Allcroft, D. J.; Tolkamp, B. J.; Glasbey, C. A.; Kyriazakis, I. |
| Title |
The importance of `memory' in statistical models for animal feeding behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
67 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
99-109 |
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Cow; Feeding data; Bouts; Memory; Satiety; Latent structure; Model comparison |
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We investigate models for animal feeding behaviour, with the aim of improving understanding of how animals organise their behaviour in the short term. We consider three classes of model: hidden Markov, latent Gaussian and semi-Markov. Each can predict the typical `clustered' feeding behaviour that is generally observed, however they differ in the extent to which `memory' of previous behaviour is allowed to affect future behaviour. The hidden Markov model has `lack of memory', the current behavioural state being dependent on the previous state only. The latent Gaussian model assumes feeding/non-feeding periods to occur by the thresholding of an underlying continuous variable, thereby incorporating some `short-term memory'. The semi-Markov model, by taking into account the duration of time spent in the previous state, can be said to incorporate `longer-term memory'. We fit each of these models to a dataset of cow feeding behaviour. We find the semi-Markov model (longer-term memory) to have the best fit to the data and the hidden Markov model (lack of memory) the worst. We argue that in view of effects of satiety on short-term feeding behaviour of animal species in general, biologically suitable models should allow `memory' to play a role. We conclude that our findings are equally relevant for the analysis of other types of short-term behaviour that are governed by satiety-like principles. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2350 |
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Saleh, N.; Chittka, L. |
| Title |
The importance of experience in the interpretation of conspecific chemical signals |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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61 |
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2 |
Pages |
215-220 |
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Abstract Foraging bumblebees scent mark flowers with hydrocarbon secretions. Several studies have found these scent marks act as a repellent to bee foragers. This was thought to minimize the risk of visiting recently depleted flowers. Some studies, however, have found a reverse, attractive effect of scent marks left on flowers. Do bees mark flowers with different scents, or could the same scent be interpreted differently depending on the bees? previous experience with reward levels in flowers? We use a simple experimental design to investigate if the scent marks can become attractive when bees forage on artificial flowers that remain rewarding upon the bees? return after having depleted them. We contrast this with bees trained in the more natural scenario where revisits to recently emptied flowers are unrewarding. The bees association between scent mark and reward value was tested with flowers scent marked from the same source. We find that the bees experience with the level of reward determines how the scent mark is interpreted: the same scent can act as both an attractant and a repellent. How experience and learning influence the interpretation of the meaning of chemical signals deposited by animals for communication has rarely been investigated. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3150 |
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