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Curcher Cs, R. M. (1978). Equidae. In: Maglio V H4.J & Cooke H B S (eds). Evolution of African Mammals 379-422, .
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Salter Re,. (1978). Ecology of feral horses in western Alberta. M.Sc.U. of Alberta, .
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Houpt, K. A., Law, K., & Martinisi, V. (1978). Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses. Appl. Animal. Ethol., 4(3), 273–283.
Abstract: Dominance hierarchies were studied in 11 herds of domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus). A paired feeding test was utilized to establish the dominance--subordination relationship between each pair of animals in a herd. Aggressive actions, threats, bites, kicks and chases were also recorded. In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank. Body weight, but not age, appear to affect rank in the equine hierarchy. Juvenile horses were more likely to share feed with each other than were adult horses and were usually subordinate to adult horses. The daughters of a dominant mare were dominant within their own herds.
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Hinde, R. A. (1978). Dominance and role—two concepts with dual meanings. J. Soc. Biol. Struct., 1(1), 27–38.
Abstract: ‘Dominance’ and ‘role’ are used in the study of human and animal social structures. It is argued here that each of these concepts is useful in two logically distinct contexts. Dominance may refer to the pattern of imbalance of interactions within a dyadic relationship in so far as that pattern is consistent between dyads, or it may refer to an aspect of group structure, namely the extent to which the individuals can be ranked in terms of who bosses whom. There is no necessary reason why these two concepts of dominance should be related. Within any group the interactions within relationships may or may not show similar patterns of imbalance, and there may or may not be an hierarchy. Role may refer to the determinants of the behaviour of incumbents of certain positions in society, or to the consequences of their behaviour on the structure of the group. Determinants and consequences of the behaviour of incumbents may be related, but are not always so. Thus, to avoid confusion in the use of each of these concepts it is essential to define precisely the manner in which it is being used.
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Premack D, & Woodruff G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav. Brain Sci., 1, 515.
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Zentall, S. S., Zentall, T. R., & Barack, R. C. (1978). Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children. J Learn Disabil, 11(9), 540–548.
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Bertenthal BI, & Fischer KW. (1978). Development of self-recognition in the infant. Dev. Psychol., 14, 44.
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Klingel H,. (1978). Den Wildeseln wird die Wüste zu eng. Sielmanns Tierwelt, 11, 46–51.
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Doreau M,. (1978). Comportement alimentaire du cheval à l`écurie. Ann Zootech, 27, 291–302.
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Dickinson, A., & Mackintosh, N. J. (1978). Classical Conditioning in Animals. Annual Review of Psychology, 29(1), 587–612.
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