| Records |
| Author |
Hernandez, J.; Hawkins, D.L. |
Title  |
Training failure among yearling horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1418-1422 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Female; Florida; Horses/*physiology; Lameness, Animal/*economics; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/economics; Respiratory Tract Diseases/economics/*veterinary; Statistics, Nonparametric |
| Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To compare financial returns between pinhooked yearling horses (ie, bought and trained for approximately 5 months with the goal of selling the horse at “2-year-olds in training” sales) that had mild or severe training failure and horses that had planned versus nonplanned training failure. ANIMALS: 40 Thoroughbred pinhooked yearling horses. PROCEDURE: During the period from September 1998 through and April 1999, 20 horses had mild training failure (1 to 11 days lost), and 20 horses had severe training failure (13 to 108 days lost). Horses were assigned to these 2 groups on the basis of frequency distribution (median) of days lost during training. Horses were also categorized on the basis of type of training failure (planned vs nonplanned training failure). The outcome of primary interest was financial return. Median financial returns were compared among groups by use of the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Median financial returns for horses that had severe training failure ($1,000) were significantly different, compared with horses that had mild training failure ($24,000). Analysis of results also indicated that median returns were significantly different among horses that had planned training failure (-$2,000; eg, horses with radiographic abnormalities detected during routine prepurchase examinations that required surgical treatment, resulting in days lost during training), compared with horses that did not ($10,000). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Training failure has an economic impact on revenues in pinhooked yearling horses. Lameness, planned training failure, respiratory disease, and ringworm were common and important causes of training failure. |
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Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0136, USA |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:11560271 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4051 |
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Pearce JM; Bouton ME |
| Title |
Theories of associative learning in animals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Annu. Rev. Psychol. |
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52 |
Issue |
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111 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3070 |
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Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. |
| Title |
The use of tokens as rewards and tools by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
213-221 |
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This paper explores the effectiveness of token rewards in maintaining chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) in working at intellectually costly tasks, and studies the “saving” behavior of the subjects, investigating the factors that can condition it. Two experiments were run. Tokens were introduced as rewards in a matching-to-sample task and used as exchange tools for food by three adult female chimpanzees. Subjects' performances were maintained at constant high levels of accuracy, suggesting that the tokens were almost equivalent to direct food rewards. The results also showed the emergence of saving behavior. The subjects spontaneously saved the tokens during the matching-to-sample task before exchanging them for food. The chimpanzees also learned a new symbolic discrimination task, with tokens as the reward. During this learning process a rarely reported phenomenon emerged: one of the subjects showed symmetry, a form of stimulus equivalence. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3280 |
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Viscido, S.V.; Miller, M.; Wethey, D.S. |
| Title |
The response of a selfish herd to an attack from outside the group perimeter |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of theoretical biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
208 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
315-328 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Computer Simulation; Models, Biological; *Movement; Predatory Behavior |
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According to the selfish herd hypothesis, animals can decrease predation risk by moving toward one another if the predator can appear anywhere and will attack the nearest target. Previous studies have shown that aggregations can form using simple movement rules designed to decrease each animal's Domain of Danger. However, if the predator attacks from outside the group's perimeter, these simple movement rules might not lead to aggregation. To test whether simple selfish movement rules would decrease predation risk for those situations when the predator attacks from outside the flock perimeter, we constructed a computer model that allowed flocks of 75 simulated fiddler crabs to react to one another, and to a predator attacking from 7 m away. We attacked simulated crab flocks with predators of different sizes and attack speeds, and computed relative predation risk after 120 time steps. Final trajectories showed flight toward the center of the flock, but curving away from the predator. Path curvature depended on the predator's size and approach speed. The average crab experienced a greater decrease in predation risk when the predator was small or slow moving. Regardless of the predator's size and speed, however, predation risk always decreased as long as crabs took their flock-mates into account. We conclude that, even when flight away from an external predator occurs, the selfish avoidance of danger can lead to aggregation. |
| Address |
Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A. viscido@u.washington.edu |
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English |
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0022-5193 |
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PMID:11207093 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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555 |
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McBride, S.D.; Cuddeford, D. |
| Title |
The Putative Welfare-Reducing Effects of Preventing Equine Stereotypic Behaviour |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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10 |
Issue |
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Pages |
173-189 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2012 |
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Tomasello, M.; Hare, B.; Fogleman, T. |
| Title |
The ontogeny of gaze following in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
61 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
335-343 |
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| Abstract |
Primates follow the gaze direction of conspecifics to outside objects. We followed the ontogeny of this social-cognitive skill for two species: rhesus macaques and chimpanzees. In the first two experiments, using both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design, we exposed individuals of different ages to a human looking in a specified direction. Rhesus infants first began reliably to follow the direction of this gaze at the end of the early infancy period, at about 5.5 months of age. Chimpanzees did not reliably follow human gaze until 3-4 years; this corresponds to the latter part of the late infancy period for this species. In the third experiment we exposed individuals of the same two species to a human repeatedly looking to the same location (with no special object at that location) to see if subjects would learn to ignore the looks. Only adults of the two species diminished their gaze-following behaviour over trials. This suggests that in the period between infancy and adulthood individuals of both species come to integrate their gaze-following skills with their more general social-cognitive knowledge about other animate beings and their behaviour, and so become able to deploy their gaze-following skills in a more flexible manner. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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596 |
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Wemelsfelder, F. |
| Title |
The Inside and Outside Aspects of Consciousness: Complementary Approaches to the Study of Animal Emotion |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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129-139 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3492 |
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Morley, K.I.; Montgomery, G.W. |
| Title |
The genetics of cognitive processes: candidate genes in humans and animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
511-531 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Chromosome Mapping; Drosophila melanogaster; Genetic Markers/*genetics; Humans; Intelligence/*genetics; Mental Retardation/genetics; Mice; Phenotype; Quantitative Trait, Heritable |
| Abstract |
It has been hypothesized that numerous genes contribute to individual variation in human cognition. An extensive search of the scientific literature was undertaken to identify candidate genes which might contribute to this complex trait. A list of over 150 candidate genes that may influence some aspect of cognition was compiled. Some genes are particularly strong candidates based on evidence for involvement in cognitive processes in humans, mice, and Drosophila melanogaster. This survey confirms that many genes are associated with cognitive variation and highlights the potential importance of animal models in the study of human cognition. |
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Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia |
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0001-8244 |
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PMID:11838530 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4141 |
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Macphail, E.M.; Boldhuis, J.J |
| Title |
The evolution of intelligence: adaptive specializations versusgeneral process |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Biological Reviews |
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76 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
341-364 |
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biological constraints, corvids, ecology, food-storing birds, hippocampal size, parids, spatial learning, spatial memory, spatial module. |
| Abstract |
Darwin argued that between-species differences in intelligence were differences of degree, not of kind. The contemporary ecological approach to animal cognition argues that animals have evolved species-specific and problem-specific processes to solve problems associated with their particular ecological niches: thus different species use different processes, and within a species, different processes are used to tackle problems involving different inputs. This approach contrasts both with Darwin's view and with the general process view, according to which the same central processes of learning and memory are used across an extensive range of problems involving very different inputs. We review evidence relevant to the claim that the learning and memory performance of non-human animals varies according to the nature of the stimuli involved. We first discuss the resource distribution hypothesis, olfactory learning-set formation, and the 'biological constraints' literature, but find no convincing support from these topics for the ecological account of cognition. We then discuss the claim that the performance of birds in spatial tasks of learning and memory is superior in species that depend heavily upon stored food compared to species that either show less dependence upon stored food or do not store food. If it could be shown that storing species enjoy a superiority specifically in spatial (and not non-spatial) tasks, this would argue that spatial tasks are indeed solved using different processes from those used in non-spatial tasks. Our review of this literature does not find a consistent superiority of storing over non-storing birds in spatial tasks, and, in particular, no evidence of enhanced superiority of storing species when the task demands are increased, by, for example, increasing the number of items to be recalled or the duration of the retention period. We discuss also the observation that the hippocampus of storing birds is larger than that of non-storing birds, and find evidence contrary to the view that hippocampal enlargement is associated with enhanced spatial memory; we are, however, unable to suggest a convincing alternative explanation for hippocampal enlargement. The failure to find solid support for the ecological view supports the view that there are no qualitative differences in cognition between animal species in the processes of learning and memory. We also argue that our review supports our contention that speculation about the phylogenetic development and function of behavioural processes does not provide a solid basis for gaining insight into the nature of those processes. We end by confessing to a belief in one major qualitative difference in cognition in animals: we believe that humans alone are capable of acquiring language, and that it is this capacity that divides our intelligence so sharply from non-human intelligence. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4797 |
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Robert, C.; Valette, J.P.; Denoix, J.M. |
| Title |
The effects of treadmill inclination and speed on the activity of three trunk muscles in the trotting horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
33 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
466-472 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Electromyography/methods/veterinary; Exercise Test/veterinary; Gait/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rectus Abdominis/physiology; Time Factors |
| Abstract |
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of speed and slope on the activity of trunk muscles. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the splenius (Sp), longissimus dorsi (LD) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles was recorded with surface electrodes during treadmill locomotion at trot for different combinations of speed (3.5 to 6 m/s) and slope (0 to 6%). Raw EMG signals were processed to determine activity duration, onset and end and integrated EMG (IEMG). For the 3 muscles investigated, onset and end of activity were obtained earlier in the stride cycle when speed increased. A longer duration of activity for the LD, a shorter duration for the RA and an unchanged duration for the Sp were also observed. The IEMG of the latter was poorly affected by speed, whereas it increased linearly with speed for the 2 other muscles. When treadmill inclination changed from 0 to 6%, EMG activity of the LD and RA began and ended later; a longer activity duration was noted. Temporal parameters for Sp did not change with slope. A significant and progressive increase in the IEMG of the 3 muscles was observed with increasing slope. This evaluation of the activity of trunk muscles provides objective data for the use of speed or slope in training programmes. |
| Address |
UMR INRA-DGER, Biomecanique et Pathalogie Locomotrice du Cheval, UP Anatomie, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:11558741 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4052 |
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