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Author |
Pillot, M.-H.; Deneubourg, J.-L. |
Title |
Collective movements, initiation and stops: Diversity of situations and law of parsimony |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
84 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
657-661 |
Keywords |
Collective movement; Decision-making; Sheep |
Abstract |
The environment of animals is often heterogeneous, containing zones that may be dedicated specifically to resting, drinking or feeding. These functional zones may spread over a more or a less extensive area. Thus, mobile animals may have to move from one patch to another when resources are locally depleted or when they need to change activity. The mechanisms involved in collective movement appear simple at first glance, but a brief reflection shows the real difficulty of the problem in terms of the numerous environmental, physical, physiological and social parameters involved. This review is mainly concerned with collective movements, which are characterised by a directional and temporal coordination, where individuals mutually influence each other, meaning this coordination mainly depends on social interactions ([Huth and Wissel, 1992], [Warburton and Lazarus, 1991], [Couzin and Krause, 2003] and [Couzin et al., 2002]). In literature, two types of movement are discussed: large-scale movement and small-scale movement. First, we define these types of movement and then discuss the behavioural mechanisms involved. Secondly, we show that short and long movement but also moving and stopping may result from the outcome of parameters modulation underpinning collective decision-making. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5088 |
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Author |
Hogue, M.-E.; Beaugrand, J.P.; Lague, P.C. |
Title |
Coherent use of information by hens observing their former dominant defeating or being defeated by a stranger |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
38 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
241-252 |
Keywords |
Domestic fowl; Dominance; Hierarchy formation; Observation; Transitive inference |
Abstract |
This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior dominant being defeated by a stranger before being introduced to them. In a second condition (C1, N = 16 triads), bystanders witnessed the victory of their prior dominant over a stranger. In a third condition (C2, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed two strangers establishing a dominance relationship before being introduced to their prior dominant and to a stranger the former had just defeated. The behavioural strategies of bystanders depended on the issue of the conflict they had witnessed. Bystanders of the E condition behaved as having no chance of defeating the stranger. They never initiated an attack against it, and upon being attacked, readily submitted in turn to the stranger. On the contrary, bystanders of the C1 condition behaved as having some chances against the stranger. They initiated attacks in 50% of cases, and won 50% of conflicts against the stranger. Under condition C2, bystanders first initiated contact with the strangers in only 27% of cases, which approximates the average of their chances for defeating the stranger. However, bystanders finally defeated the strangers in 40% of cases. These results suggest that bystanders of conditions E and C1 gained some information on the relationship existing between their prior dominant and the stranger and that they used it coherently, perhaps through transitive inference, thus contributing to the existence of transitive relationships within the triads. Alternate explanations are examined. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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396 |
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Author |
Brubaker, L.; Udell, M.A.R. |
Title |
Cognition and learning in horses (Equus caballus): What we know and why we should ask more |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
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Pages |
121-131 |
Keywords |
Horse behaviour; Horse welfare; Learning; Social cognition |
Abstract |
Abstract Horses (Equus caballus) have a rich history in their relationship with humans. Across different cultures and eras they have been utilized for work, show, cultural rituals, consumption, therapy, and companionship and continue to serve in many of these roles today. As one of the most commonly trained domestic animals, understanding how horses learn and how their relationship with humans and other horses impacts their ability to learn has implications for horse welfare, training, husbandry and management. Given that unlike dogs and cats, domesticated horses have evolved from prey animals, the horse-human relationship poses interesting and unique scientific questions of theoretical value. There is still much to be learned about the cognition and behaviour of horses from a scientific perspective. This review explores current research within three related areas of horse cognition: human-horse interactions, social learning and independent learning in horses. Research on these topics is summarized and suggestions for future research are provided. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6021 |
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Author |
Ladewig, J. |
Title |
Clever Hans is still whinnying with us |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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76 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
20-21 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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631 |
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Author |
Leblanc, M.-A.; Duncan, P. |
Title |
Can studies of cognitive abilities and of life in the wild really help us to understand equine learning? |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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76 |
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49-52 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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621 |
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Author |
Lejeune, H.; Macar, F.; Zakay, D. |
Title |
Attention and timing: dual-task performance in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
45 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
141-157 |
Keywords |
Timing; Dual task; Attention; Pigeons |
Abstract |
Pigeons were exposed to an analog of a `dual-task' procedure used to test attentional models of timing in humans. After separate training on an auditory duration discrimination and on a variable ratio (VR) schedule, VR episodes lasting for 5 s were superimposed on the stimuli to be timed, either early (E) or late (L) during the trial. Trials with VR yielded underestimation of the target durations (increased % of `short' choices), relative to trials without VR, and this effect was stronger under the L than under the E condition. Data were similar to those collected with humans and support attentional models of timing according to which the simultaneous non-timing task uses processing resources which are diverted from the timing mechanisms. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3582 |
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Author |
Boughner, R.L.; Papini, M.R. |
Title |
Appetitive latent inhibition in rats: preexposure performance does not predict conditioned performance |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
72 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
42-51 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; *Conditioning, Classical; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Individuality; *Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Motivation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; *Reaction Time |
Abstract |
Nonreinforced preexposure to a conditioned stimulus impairs subsequent conditioning with that stimulus. The goal of these studies was to assess the extent to which acquisition performance could be predicted from preexposure performance using a correlational approach. For both preexposure and autoshaping, four measures of performance were computed, including overall average lever pressing, lever pressing in the initial session, percentage change in lever pressing, and slopes. These measures were correlated in a large sample of rats trained in an autoshaping situation. None of the three measures of autoshaping performance was consistently predicted by any of the three measures of preexposure performance. These results are consistent with the view that latent inhibition is not reducible to long-term habituation. |
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Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, TX 76129, United States |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:16406375 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4147 |
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Author |
Blackmore, T.L.; Foster, T.M.; Sumpter, C.E.; Temple, W. |
Title |
An investigation of colour discrimination with horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
78 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
387-396 |
Keywords |
Chromatic discrimination; Colour vision; Horse; Operant |
Abstract |
The ability of four horses (Equus caballus) to discriminate coloured (three shades of blue, green, red, and yellow) from grey (neutral density) stimuli, produced by back projected lighting filters, was investigated in a two response forced-choice procedure. Pushes of the lever in front of a coloured screen were occasionally reinforced, pushes of the lever in front of a grey screen were never reinforced. Each colour shade was randomly paired with a grey that was brighter, one that was dimmer, and one that approximately matched the colour in terms of brightness. Each horse experienced the colours in a different order, a new colour was started after 85% correct responses over five consecutive sessions or if accuracy showed no trend over sessions. All horses reached the 85% correct with blue versus grey, three horses did so with both yellow and green versus grey. All were above chance with red versus grey but none reached criterion. Further analysis showed the wavelengths of the green stimuli used overlapped with the yellow. The results are consistent with histological and behavioural studies that suggest that horses are dichromatic. They differ from some earlier data in that they indicate horses can discriminate yellow and blue, but that they may have deficiencies in discriminating red and green. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5336 |
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Author |
Reid, P.J. |
Title |
Adapting to the human world: Dogs' responsiveness to our social cues |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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80 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
325-333 |
Keywords |
Domestic dog; Social cognition; Communicative gestures |
Abstract |
Dogs are more skilful than a host of other species at tasks which require they respond to human communicative gestures in order to locate hidden food. Four basic interpretations for this proficiency surface from distilling the research findings. One possibility is that dogs simply have more opportunity than other species to learn to be responsive to human social cues. A different analysis suggests that the domestication process provided an opening for dogs to apply general cognitive problem-solving skills to a novel social niche. Some researchers go beyond this account and propose that dogs' co-evolution with humans equipped them with a theory of mind for social exchanges. Finally, a more prudent approach suggests that sensitivity to the behaviours of both humans and conspecifics would be particularly advantageous for a social scavenger like the dog. A predisposition to attend to human actions allows for rapid early learning of the association between gestures and the availability of food. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4755 |
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Author |
Byrne, T.; Sutphin, G.; Poling, A. |
Title |
Acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of responding with delayed and immediate reinforcement |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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43 |
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1 |
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97-101 |
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Acquisition; Delayed reinforcement; Extinction; Rats |
Abstract |
The present study investigated acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of free-operant responding when rats' lever presses produced water after a resetting delay of 0, 10, 20, or 30 s. Results indicated that: (1) responding was acquired rapidly at all delays without shaping or autoshaping; (2) resistance to extinction was directly related to delay length and inversely related to intermittency of reinforcement; (3) responding acquired with delayed reinforcement recovered less rapidly from extinction, and was less efficient, than responding acquired with immediate reinforcement. Comparing these results with those of studies using discrete-trials and free-operant procedures with no reinforcement delay suggest that the specific conditions under which behavior is maintained determines, in part, the behavioral effects of delay and intermittency of reinforcement. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3601 |
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