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| Author |
Schuck-Paim, C.; Kacelnik, A. |
Title  |
Rationality in risk-sensitive foraging choices by starlings |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
64 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
869-879 |
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Normative models of choice usually predict preferences between alternatives by computing their value according to some criterion, then identifying the alternative with greatest value. An important consequence of this procedure is captured in the economic concept of rationality, defined through a number of principles that are necessary for the existence of an ordinal scale of value upon which organisms base their choices. Violations of these principles, such as some recently reported breaches of transitivity and regularity in birds and honeybees, have strong implications for the understanding of decision mechanisms in humans and nonhumans alike. We investigated rationality in risky choice using European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris. Birds had to choose between two or three food sources, each associated with a different variance in delay to reward. In three experiments, starlings were strongly risk prone, showing regular and consistent preferences in binary and trinary choices. Preferences also satisfied weak and strong stochastic transitivity. Our results extend the generality of previous research in risk-sensitive foraging to situations where more than two alternatives are present and suggest that violations of rationality in risk-sensitive choices may be expressed only under restricted sets of conditions. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Kacelnik, A. |
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R.C. Bolies and M.D. Beecher, Editors, Evolution and Learning, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1988), p. x |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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40 |
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3 |
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602-603 |
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2119 |
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Judge, P.G.; Mullen, S.H. |
| Title |
Quadratic postconflict affiliation among bystanders in a hamadryas baboon group |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
69 |
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6 |
Pages |
1345-1355 |
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The tendency in primate groups for two opponents to affiliate shortly after a fight has been described as dyadic reconciliation. The response has been shown to restore disrupted relationships and curtail ongoing aggression. Rates of self-directed behaviour (e.g. scratching) are positively correlated with anxiety in primates and the rates decline after reconciliation, indicating that the response also functions to reduce postconflict tension. Third parties not involved in an aggressive interaction are also likely to affiliate with one of the combatants subsequent to a fight. Such `triadic' interactions may also promote conflict resolution when, for instance, the relatives of a victim affiliate with their relative's aggressor. Because aggression in a group influences a bystander's behaviour with combatants, we hypothesized that aggression between two animals would also influence a bystander's behaviour with other bystanders. Such `quadratic' postconflict interactions might also function to reduce postconflict tension or occur in patterns among kin subgroups to resolve conflict. We tested for quadratic interactions in an 18-member group of captive hamadryas baboons, Papio hamadryas hamadryas. Immediately following a fight, an uninvolved bystander was randomly selected for observation and its affiliative interactions with other bystanders and its displacement activities were recorded for 3 min. Rates of behaviour during these postconflict periods were compared to rates during 3-min baseline periods not preceded by aggression. Bystanders engaged in quadratic interactions by increasing affiliation with other bystanders following aggression. Bystanders directed affiliation to nonkin bystanders that were their preferred social partners. Displacement activities of bystanders were significantly higher during postconflict intervals compared to baseline intervals, and bystander displacement activity levels before affiliative contact with other bystanders were significantly higher than after contact. Apparently, bystanders become tense or anxious after witnessing aggression and affiliate with preferred partners to reduce the arousal. |
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Bugnyar T; Huber L |
| Title |
Push or pull: an experimental study on imitation in marmosets |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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817 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2984 |
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| Author |
Kacelnik, A.; Todd, I.A. |
| Title |
Psychological mechanisms and the Marginal Value Theorem: effect of variability in travel time on patch exploitation |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
43 |
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2 |
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313-322 |
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The Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) describes the behaviour that maximizes the ratio of expected gain over expected foraging time in a patchy environment. When travel time is variable, the MVT rationale and its predictions are sensitive only to the mean travel time and not to the spread or skew of the distribution. Two mechanistic arguments contradict these predictions. First, tests of the MVT have previously shown that there is a disproportionate influence of the last travel time, and second, psychological models of information processing suggest that memory for time intervals is strongly dependent on the scatter of the distribution experienced. These mechanistic concepts, combined with Jensen's inequality, suggest that patch exploitation should decrease as the scatter of the travel distribution increases. In a Skinner box experiment with pigeons, Columba livia, the problem was examined by simulating three environments with identical patches and the same mean travel time, but different travel time variability. Patch exploitation decreased with increasing variance in travel time. The results are used to argue in favour of the inclusion of realistic psychological properties as constraints in functional models of behaviour. Although both the MVT and the mechanistic models account for some features of the results, none of them can explain all the findings. |
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2114 |
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Todd, I.A.; Kacelnik, A. |
| Title |
Psychological mechanisms and the Marginal Value Theorem: dynamics of scalar memory for travel time |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
765-775 |
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Abstract. The relation between memory for travel time and foraging decisions was studied experimentally. The temporal properties of two environments with patchily distributed food were simulated in the laboratory using pigeons, Columba livia, as subjects. The two environments differed in mean travel time, while the coefficient of variation of travel time and the decelerated function relating cumulative food gain to time in the patch were held constant within and between environments. Each environment contained a uniform mixture of five travel times experienced in a random order. Two of the five travel times were common in both environments. Effects of travel time were studied by comparing prey collected per patch visit (PPV) after various travel times within each environment, and by comparing patch exploitation after equal travel times between environments. Within the environment with long mean travel time (LMT) PPV was positively correlated with the last and the penultimate travel times but not with travel times before that. The increase in PPV per second of last travel time was six times greater than the increase per second of penultimate travel time, implying very steep memory discounting. In the environment with short mean travel time (SMT), there was no correlation between PPV and previous travel times. However, comparisons between environments of visits following travel times common to both environments (thus removing the effect of the last travel time) showed that substantially more prey were taken after equal travel times in the LMT than in the SMT environment. This difference cannot be accounted for by the within-environment effect of penultimate travel time, implying that there is a different, less steeply devalued, effect of the mixture of travel times. A model of information processing based on combining Scalar Expectancy Theory with the predictions of rate maximization under the Marginal Value Theorem is presented. The model can approximate the results obtained in this and previous experiments and provides a framework for further analysis of memory mechanisms of foraging behaviour. |
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2111 |
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Rutberg, A.T.; Keiper, R.R. |
| Title |
Proximate causes of natal dispersal in feral ponies: some sex differences |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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5 |
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969-975 |
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Abstract. Fifteen years of data on natal dispersal age and the context of dispersal for the feral ponies of Assateague Island, Maryland are presented. Ninety-seven per cent of males and 81% of females dispersed from their natal groups by 5 years of age. For animals that left their natal group, average age of dispersal was 20[middle dot]8 months for males and 24[middle dot]6 months for females. Male dispersal age was strongly and significantly correlated with number of peers in the natal group, and males dispersing with peers were significantly older than males dispersing without peers, suggesting that males delayed dispersal when peers were available for interaction. Female dispersal age was not influenced by number of peers, but was correlated with age of first reproduction. Factors not influencing dispersal age in either sex were presence of a younger sibling, maternal band transfers, and maternal age and dominance rank. The relatively high frequency of females failing to disperse from their natal groups is puzzling in light of data showing diminished fecundity in non-dispersing pony mares. |
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518 |
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Barnard, C.J.; Sibly, R.M. |
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Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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29 |
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2 |
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543-550 |
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Many forms of interaction within and between species appear to be based on `scrounger' individuals or species exploiting a limited resource provided `producers'. A mathematical model is presented which shows whether or not scroungers are maintained in a group, depending on their frequency and the group size. Some of the predictions of the model were tested in captive flocks of house sparrows Passer domesticus L. Here the scroungers obtained most of their food (mealworms) by interaction and the producers found most of their food by actively foraging: the pay-off to each type was measured as mealworm capture rate. Neither type changed strategy opportunistically in response to instantaneous flock composition but, not surprisingly, scroungers fared better when one of more producers were present. However, scrougers did much worse than expected when greatly outnumbered by producers, perhaps because producers then found the available food very quickly. |
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4200 |
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Hauser MD; Santos LR; Spaepen GM; Pearson HE |
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Problem solving, inhibition and domain-specific experience: experiments on cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus |
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2002 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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64 |
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387 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3067 |
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Hauser MD; Kralik J; Botto-Mahan C |
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Problem solving and functional design features: experiments on cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus |
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1999 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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57 |
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565 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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