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Author |
Gosling, S.D.; John, O.P. |
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Title  |
Personality Dimensions in Nonhuman Animals: A Cross-Species Review |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. |
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8 |
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3 |
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69-75 |
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The evolutionary continuity between humans and other animals suggests that some dimensions of personality may be common across a wide range of species. Unfortunately, there is no unified body of research on animal personality; studies are dispersed across multiple disciplines and diverse journals. To review 19 studies of personality factors in 12 nonhuman species, we used the human Five-Factor Model plus Dominance and Activity as a preliminary framework. Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness showed the strongest cross-speciesgenerality, followed by Openness; a separate Conscientiousness dimension appeared only in chimpanzees, humans` closest relatives. Cross-species evidence was modest for a separate Dominance dimension but scant for Activity. The comparative approach taken here offers a fresh perspective on human personality and should facilitate hypothesis-driven research on the social and biological bases of personality. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4417 |
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Heipertz- Hengst, C. |
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Title |
Pferde richtig trainieren |
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1999 |
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Cadmos |
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Lüneburg |
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978-3861273417 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4444 |
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Author |
Lamarck,Jean-Baptiste |
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Title |
Philosophie zoologique |
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1999 |
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french |
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978-2080707079 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4403 |
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Gould, J.L.; Zabka, T.S.; Malizia, R.W.; Park, A.; Mukerji, J. |
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Title |
Possible decision-making preadaptations in the molly Poecilia sphenops |
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1999 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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2 |
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2 |
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91-95 |
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In many species females choose a mate from among several available males; in other species, the social system provides no apparent opportunity for making a decision among alternative suitors, and decision-making capacity is assumed to be minimal. The origins, bases, and logic of female mate choices are contentious questions with important cognitive implications. Female short-finned mollies, Poecilia sphenops, have never been observed to choose mates in the wild, where instead a male-contest social system prevails. Nevertheless they readily choose between models of males in the laboratory. Some of their decisions anticipate features found in males in more recently evolved species where the social system permits female choice. The willingness of females to choose traits in a species without such traits or evident need or opportunity for female choice in the wild is remarkable. These observations suggest that choice behavior can be latent in a species, and may direct or bias the development of behavioral preferences. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3254 |
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Author |
Fishman, M.A. |
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Title |
Predator Inspection: Closer Approach as a Way to Improve Assessment of Potential Threats |
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Year |
1999 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
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196 |
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2 |
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225-235 |
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When detecting a predator, some prey animals respond in a counterintuitive fashion by approaching, rather than fleeing, that potential threat of extinction. This seemingly paradoxical behaviour, known aspredator inspection, has been reported for a wide variety of taxa--and therefore can be assumed to be adaptive. However, the view of predator inspection as a paradoxical behaviour rests on two implicit assumptions: (a) initial predator detecting is unambiguous, with no uncertainty in discriminating between hunting and non hunting members of predator species, or members of predator species and unrelated phenomena; (b) the costs of flight are negligible relative to the risk of predation. Upon reflection assumption (a) is not really tenable. Whereas assumption (b) is not consistent with experimental evidence [Godin & Crossman (1994)Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.34,359-366]. Given that predator detection is ambiguous and the costs of flight are not negligible, a prey individual may benefit by a closer approach to the source of the alarming signals, thus improving its assessment of the situation--despite the increased risk of predation. In this paper, the above statement is given rigor by reformulating the problem in game theoretical terms. The results indicate that a prey will minimize its costs by performing predator inspection whenever its degree of certainty regarding predator identification and/or assessment of its intentions is less than a threshold, which is determined by the model's parameters. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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523 |
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Author |
Mladenoff, D.J.; Sickley, T.A.; Wydeven, A.P. |
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Title |
Predicting gray wolf landscape recolonization: logistic regression models vs. new field data |
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Year |
1999 |
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Ecol Appl |
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9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Mladenoff1999 |
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6442 |
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Author |
Powell, D.M. |
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Preliminary evaluation of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception for behavioral effects in feral horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
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J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
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2 |
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4 |
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321-335 |
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Successful management of captive populations of wild animals requires effective control of reproduction. Contraception is one tool for controlling reproduction of animals in zoos; however, the options available to the animal manager are limited. Contraceptives vary in efficacy, reversibility, and side effects, and thus may not be suitable for widespread use. One consideration when selecting a contraceptive is its potential for side effects on behavior, especially given the fact that reproduction plays such a prominent role in the biology of any species. To date, there have been few evaluations of contraceptives for behavioral effects, and those that have been conducted have focused on hormone-based contraceptives. This study sought to evaluate a novel method of population control, immunocontraception, for behavioral effects in a population of feral horses. Porcine zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception prevents fertilization of ova and does not alter normal hormone secretion patterns. It therefore should leave the animal behaviorally intact in terms of reproductive behavior. The study examined the behavior of 43 sexually mature mares on Assateague Island during the 1997 breeding season and, with help from Earthwatch volunteers, collected observations over a 3-month period. The study found no significant differences between treated and untreated mares in general activity budget, aggression given or received, and spatial relationships relative to the stallion. These preliminary findings indicate that PZP contraception seems to have no acute behavioral effects on the behavior of individuals. The study findings also suggest that PZP could be a desirable and effective management tool for captive species in which social behavior plays an integral role in group dynamics. Analyses of group level effects and population level effects are continuing. |
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Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA. dpowell@nzp.si.edu |
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1088-8705 |
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PMID:16363936 |
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1883 |
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Author |
DUNN, L.J. |
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Title |
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF EQUINE LEARNING AND MEMORY |
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1999 |
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ABSTRACT
Six horses demonstrated observation and discrimination learning and memory ability. The purpose of this study was to gain further knowledge in the area of equine learning. Performance on each task was compared in a single subject design. Subjects learned to discriminate between a black and a white bucket. The criterion for learning was set at 80% correct black bucket choice. All subjects successfully performed the discrimination task by the eighth session. Observation learning was unsuccessful; no subject reached the 80% correct criterion. Five horses were tested for memory retention of the discrimination task three weeks after the initial learning. All subjects performed the discrimination by the second session of two. These data support existing results from similar learning and memory tasks. |
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DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY |
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MISSOURI WESTERN STATE COLLEGE |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3621 |
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Author |
Cioni, P.; Strambini, G.B. |
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Title |
Pressure/temperature effects on protein flexibilty from acrylamide quenching of protein phosphorescence |
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1999 |
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Journal of Molecular Biology |
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291 |
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4 |
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955-964 |
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phosphorescence; tryptophan; acrylamide; quenching; protein dynamics |
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Pressure is an effective modulator of protein structure and biological function. The influence of hydrostatic pressure ([less-than-or-equals, slant]3 kbar, 10-50[degree sign]C) on conformational dynamics was assessed from the rate of migration of acrylamide through the protein interior. Migration rates in apoazurin, alcohol dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were obtained from the phosphorescence quenching rate constant (kq) of the deeply buried Trp residues. The dominant effect of applied pressure is to slow the diffusion process, although at low temperature, high pressure may also accelerate it. For apoazurin, alcohol dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase the activation free volumes, ΔVobs++, derived from the pressure-dependence of kq, ranges from +10, +16 and +20 ml mol-1 at 50[degree sign]C to -20, +5 and 0 ml mol-1 at 10[degree sign]C, respectively. Analysing ΔVobs++ in terms of a positive contribution from cavity expansion and a negative one from peptide hydration, the results emphasise that whereas at warm temperature the formation of cavities plays a dominant role in the migration process, at low temperature the required flexibility may be conferred by internal protein hydration. The relatively small magnitude of both ΔVobs++ and the activation enthalpy (ΔH++=10-20 kcal mol-1) indicates that acrylamide diffusion jumps inside these proteins appear to involve relatively small amplitude structural fluctuations not requiring major unfolding-like transitions. The implication of these findings for the thermodynamic stability of proteins under pressure is discussed. |
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3975 |
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Pell, S.M.; McGreevy, P.D. |
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Prevalence of stereotypic and other problem behaviours in thoroughbred horses |
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1999 |
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Australian Veterinary Journal |
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Aust Vet J |
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77 |
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10 |
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678-679 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology; Horses/*psychology; New South Wales/epidemiology; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; *Stereotyped Behavior |
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Department of Animal Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales |
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0005-0423 |
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PMID:10590799 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1927 |
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