| Records |
| Author |
Bernauer, K.; Kollross, H.; Schuetz, A.; Farmer, K.; Krueger, K. |
Title  |
How do horses (Equus caballus) learn from observing human action? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-9 |
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| Abstract |
A previous study demonstrated that horses can learn socially from observing humans, but could not draw any conclusions about the social learning mechanisms. Here we develop this by showing horses four different human action sequences as demonstrations of how to press a button to open a feed box. We tested 68 horses aged between 3 and 12 years. 63 horses passed the habituation phase and were assigned either to the group Hand Demo (N = 13) for which a kneeling person used a hand to press the button, Head Demo (N = 13) for which a kneeling person used the head, Mixed Demo (N = 12) for which a squatting person used both head and hand, Foot Demo (N = 12) in which a standing person used a foot, or No Demo (N = 13) in which horses did not receive a demonstration. 44 horses reached the learning criterion of opening the feeder twenty times consecutively, 40 of these were 75% of the Demo group horses and four horses were 31% of the No Demo group horses. Horses not reaching the learning criterion approached the human experimenters more often than those who did. Significantly more horses used their head to press the button no matter which demonstration they received. However, in the Foot Demo group four horses consistently preferred to use a hoof and two switched between hoof and head use. After the Mixed Demo the horses' actions were more diverse. The results indicate that only a few horses copy behaviours when learning socially from humans. A few may learn through observational conditioning, as some appeared to adapt to demonstrated actions in the course of reaching the learning criterion. Most horses learn socially through enhancement, using humans to learn where, and which aspect of a mechanism has to be manipulated, and by applying individual trial and error learning to reach their goal. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Bernauer2019 |
Serial |
6590 |
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Jarausch, A.; Harms, V.; Kluth, G.; Reinhardt, I.; Nowak, C. |
| Title |
How the west was won: genetic reconstruction of rapid wolf recolonization into Germany's anthropogenic landscapes |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
Heredity |
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| Abstract |
Following massive persecution and eradication, strict legal protection facilitated a successful reestablishment of wolf packs in Germany, which has been ongoing since 2000. Here, we describe this recolonization process by mitochondrial DNA control-region sequencing, microsatellite genotyping and sex identification based on 1341 mostly non-invasively collected samples. We reconstructed the genealogy of German wolf packs between 2005 and 2015 to provide information on trends in genetic diversity, dispersal patterns and pack dynamics during the early expansion process. Our results indicate signs of a founder effect at the start of the recolonization. Genetic diversity in German wolves is moderate compared to other European wolf populations. Although dispersal among packs is male-biased in the sense that females are more philopatric, dispersal distances are similar between males and females once only dispersers are accounted for. Breeding with close relatives is regular and none of the six male wolves originating from the Italian/Alpine population reproduced. However, moderate genetic diversity and inbreeding levels of the recolonizing population are preserved by high sociality, dispersal among packs and several immigration events. Our results demonstrate an ongoing, rapid and natural wolf population expansion in an intensively used cultural landscape in Central Europe. |
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1365-2540 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jarausch2021 |
Serial |
6638 |
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| Author |
Lagos, L.; Bárcena, F. |
| Title |
How to reduce wolf predation on wild ponies in Galicia? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
Abbreviated Journal |
CDPNews |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
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Pages |
24-31 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6680 |
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| Author |
Baragli, P.; Scopa, C.; Maglieri, V.; Palagi, E. |
| Title |
If horses had toes: demonstrating mirror self recognition at group level in Equus caballus |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Mirror self-recognition (MSR), investigated in primates and recently in non-primate species, is considered a measure of self-awareness. Nowadays, the only reliable test for investigating MSR potential skills consists in the untrained response to a visual body mark detected using a reflective surface. Here, we report the first evidence of MSR at group level in horses, by facing the weaknesses of methodology present in a previous pilot study. Fourteen horses were used in a 4-phases mirror test (covered mirror, open mirror, invisible mark, visible colored mark). After engaging in a series of contingency behaviors (looking behind the mirror, peek-a-boo, head and tongue movements), our horses used the mirror surface to guide their movements towards their colored cheeks, thus showing that they can recognize themselves in a mirror. The analysis at the group level, which 'marks' a turning point in the analytical technique of MSR exploration in non-primate species, showed that horses spent a longer time in scratching their faces when marked with the visible mark compared to the non-visible mark. This finding indicates that horses did not see the non-visible mark and that they did not touch their own face guided by the tactile sensation, suggesting the presence of MSR in horses. Although a heated debate on the binary versus gradualist model in the MSR interpretation exists, recent empirical pieces of evidence, including ours, indicate that MSR is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon that appeared once in phylogeny and that a convergent evolution mechanism can be at the basis of its presence in phylogenetically distant taxa. |
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1435-9456 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Baragli2021 |
Serial |
6631 |
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| Author |
López-Bao, J.V.; Sazatornil, V.; Llaneza, L.; Rodríguez, A. |
| Title |
Indirect Effects on Heathland Conservation and Wolf Persistence of Contradictory Policies that Threaten Traditional Free-Ranging Horse Husbandry |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Conservation Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conservation Letters |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
448-455 |
| Keywords |
Farmland biodiversity; heathlands; integration of environmental policies; management of livestock carcasses; traditional land uses; wolf conservation |
| Abstract |
Abstract Conservation agencies within the European Union promote the restoration of traditional land uses as a cost-effective way to preserve biodiversity outside reserves. Although the European Union pursues the integration of the environment into strategic decision-making, it also dictates sectoral policies that may damage farmland biodiversity. We illustrate this point by outlining the socioeconomic factors that allow the persistence of traditional free-ranging horse husbandry in Galicia, northwestern Spain. Free-ranging Galician mountain ponies provide ecological and socioeconomic services including the prevention of forest fires, the maintenance of heathlands and wolves, and the attenuation of wolf-human conflicts. This traditional livestock system may have persisted because it entails negligible costs for farmers. Wolf predation upon Galician mountain ponies does not threaten farmer's economies and seems to be tolerated better than attacks to more valuable stock. Recently, European Union's regulations on animal welfare, carcass management, or meat production put new economic and administrative burdens on farmers, make free-ranging horse rearing economically unsustainable, and incentivize its abandonment. The aim of the European Union to integrate environmental policies may be successful to preserve farmland biodiversity only through careful anticipation of the side effects of apparently unrelated regulations on the fragile equilibrium that sustain traditional land uses. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
Place of Publication |
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1755-263x |
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| Notes |
doi: 10.1111/conl.12014 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6622 |
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| Author |
López-Bao, J.V.; Sazatornil, V.; Llaneza, L.; Rodríguez, A. |
| Title |
Indirect Effects on Heathland Conservation and Wolf Persistence of Contradictory Policies that Threaten Traditional Free-Ranging Horse Husbandry |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Conservation Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conservation Letters |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
448-455 |
| Keywords |
Farmland biodiversity; heathlands; integration of environmental policies; management of livestock carcasses; traditional land uses; wolf conservation |
| Abstract |
Abstract Conservation agencies within the European Union promote the restoration of traditional land uses as a cost-effective way to preserve biodiversity outside reserves. Although the European Union pursues the integration of the environment into strategic decision-making, it also dictates sectoral policies that may damage farmland biodiversity. We illustrate this point by outlining the socioeconomic factors that allow the persistence of traditional free-ranging horse husbandry in Galicia, northwestern Spain. Free-ranging Galician mountain ponies provide ecological and socioeconomic services including the prevention of forest fires, the maintenance of heathlands and wolves, and the attenuation of wolf-human conflicts. This traditional livestock system may have persisted because it entails negligible costs for farmers. Wolf predation upon Galician mountain ponies does not threaten farmer's economies and seems to be tolerated better than attacks to more valuable stock. Recently, European Union's regulations on animal welfare, carcass management, or meat production put new economic and administrative burdens on farmers, make free-ranging horse rearing economically unsustainable, and incentivize its abandonment. The aim of the European Union to integrate environmental policies may be successful to preserve farmland biodiversity only through careful anticipation of the side effects of apparently unrelated regulations on the fragile equilibrium that sustain traditional land uses. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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1755-263x |
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| Notes |
https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12014 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6685 |
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| Author |
Golynski, M.; Szczepanik, M.P.; Wilkolek, P.M.; Adamek, L.R.; Sitkowski, W.; Taszkun, I. |
| Title |
Influence of hair clipping on transepidermal water loss values in horses: a pilot study |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
vol. 21 |
Issue |
No 1 |
Pages |
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| Keywords |
horses; transepidermal water loss; clipping |
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University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6612 |
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| Author |
Scopa, C.; Greco, A.; Contalbrigo, L.; Fratini, E.; Lanatà, A.; Scilingo, E.P.; Baragli, P. |
| Title |
Inside the Interaction: Contact With Familiar Humans Modulates Heart Rate Variability in Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
998 |
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| Abstract |
A human-animal relationship can be developed through subsequent interactions, affected by the positive or negative emotional valence of the proceeding one. Horses implement a process of categorization to classify humans with whom they interact as positive, negative, or neutral stimuli by evaluating the kind of approach and the nature of the contact. In these terms, human-animal interactions are emotionally charged events, eliciting specific emotional states in both subjects involved. Although the human-horse relationship has been mainly investigated through behavioral analysis, physiological indicators are needed for a more objective assessment of the emotional responses. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a commonly used autonomic nervous system (ANS) correlate estimating the sympathovagal balance as a psychophysiological marker of emotion regulation in horses. We have assumed that long-term positive relationships with humans may have a positive and immediate impact on the emotional arousal of the horse, detectable, via ANS activity, during the interaction. We analyzed horses' heartbeat dynamics during their interaction with either familiar or unfamiliar handlers, applying a standardized experimental protocol consisting of three different conditions shifting from the absence of interaction to physical contact. The ANS signals were monitored through an innovative non-invasive wearable system, not interfering with the unconscious emotional response of the animal. We demonstrated that horses appeared to feel more relaxed while physically interacting (e.g., grooming on the right side) with some familiar handlers compared to the same task performed by someone unfamiliar. The shift of the sympathovagal balance toward a vagal predominance suggests that the horses experienced a decrease in stress response as a function not only of the handler's familiarity but also of the type of interaction they are experiencing. These results constitute the objective evidence of horses' capacity to individually recognize a familiar person, adding the crucial role of familiarity with the handler as a paramount component of human-animal interaction. Our rigorous methodological approach may provide a significant contribution to various fields such as animal welfare while further investigating the emotional side of the human-animal relationships. |
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2297-1769 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6625 |
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| Author |
Grönemann, C. |
| Title |
Konfliktfeld Pferd und Wolf – Eine Untersuchung zu Einstellungen, Erwartungen und Befürchtungen von Pferdehaltern und Reitsportlern in Niedersachsen |
Type |
Manuscript |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
master thesis |
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Master's thesis |
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Universität Hildesheim |
Place of Publication |
Hildesheim |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6683 |
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Krueger, K.; Schwarz, S.; Marr, I.; Farmer, K. |
| Title |
Laterality in Horse Training: Psychological and Physical Balance and Coordination and Strength Rather Than Straightness |
Type |
Magazine Article |
| Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1042 |
| Keywords |
balance; body asymmetry; equitation; horse; motor laterality; sensory laterality; stress; welfare |
| Abstract |
For centuries, a goal of training in many equestrian disciplines has been to straighten the horse, which is considered a key element in achieving its responsiveness and suppleness. However, laterality is a naturally occurring phenomenon in horses and encompasses body asymmetry, motor laterality and sensory laterality. Furthermore, forcibly counterbalancing motor laterality has been considered a cause of psychological imbalance in humans. Perhaps asymmetry and laterality should rather be accepted, with a focus on training psychological and physical balance, coordination and equal strength on both sides instead of enforcing “straightness”. To explore this, we conducted a review of the literature on the function and causes of motor and sensory laterality in horses, especially in horses when trained on the ground or under a rider. The literature reveals that body asymmetry is innate but does not prevent the horse from performing at a high level under a rider. Motor laterality is equally distributed in feral horses, while in domestic horses, age, breed, training and carrying a rider may cause left leg preferences. Most horses initially observe novel persons and potentially threatening objects or situations with their left sensory organs. Pronounced preferences for the use of left sensory organs or limbs indicate that the horse is experiencing increased emotionality or stress, and long-term insufficiencies in welfare, housing or training may result in left shifts in motor and sensory laterality and pessimistic mentalities. Therefore, increasing laterality can be regarded as an indicator for insufficiencies in housing, handling and training. We propose that laterality be recognized as a welfare indicator and that straightening the horse should be achieved by conducting training focused on balance, coordination and equal strength on both sides. |
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Animals |
| Series Volume |
12 |
Series Issue |
8 |
Edition |
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| ISSN |
2076-2615 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6670 |
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