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	Author	Keverne, E.B.
	Title	Olfactory learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Current Opinion in Neurobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	482-488
	Keywords	olfactory perception mammals
	Abstract	Unravelling the mechanisms of learning and memory can, and should, be tackled at many levels. Discovery of the huge family of odourant receptor genes provided olfaction with `molecular' respectability similar to that afforded to the visual system. Consequently, molecular studies have dominated the olfactory literature this past year, even to the point of providing a molecular basis of olfactory perception. Needless to say, the molecular approach favours a `hard-wired' system; however, other results suggest that flexibility in the olfactory system provides for certain adaptations that are crucial to the biological needs of mammals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	798
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	Author	Coussi-Korbel, S.; Fragaszy, D.M.
	Title	On the relation between social dynamics and social learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	50	Issue	6	Pages	1441-1453
	Keywords
	Abstract	Experimental studies on social learning in animals have commonly centred on the psychological processes responsible for learning, and neglected social processes as potential influences on both the likelihood of social learning and the type of information that can be acquired socially. A model relating social learning to social dynamics among members of a group is presented. Three key hypotheses of the model are (1) behavioural coordination in time and/or space supports the process of social learning; (2) different kinds of coordination differentially support acquisition of different kinds of information; and (3) the various forms of behavioural coordination will be differentially affected by social dynamics. Several predictions relating inter-individual and group differences in social dynamics to social learning that follow from these hypotheses are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	568
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	Author	Clutton-Brock, J.
	Title	Origins of the dog: domestication and early history			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1995	Publication	The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor	Serpell, J.A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Clutton-Brock1995			Serial	6247
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	Author	Visalberghi E; Fragaszy DM; Savage-Rumbaugh ES
	Title	Performance in a tool-using task by common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus), an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	J. Comp. Psychol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	109	Issue		Pages	52
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3077
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	Author	Robinson, T.A.; Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Poling, A.
	Title	Performance of domestic hens under progressive-ratio schedules of food delivery			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	34	Issue	3	Pages	233-239
	Keywords	Progressive-ratio schedule; Domestic hen; Behavioral economics; Satiation
	Abstract	Domestic hens were exposed to progressive-ratio 2 and progressive-ratio 10 schedules of food delivery with different initial ratios (2, 10, 20, 30, and 40). Breaking points, defined as the largest ratios completed before responding ceased for 600 consecutive seconds, were recorded under all conditions. In general, breaking points were higher under the PR 10 schedule than under the PR 2 schedule, and the value of the initial ratio did not systematically affect the breaking point. The former finding suggests that relative satiation affected breaking points in the present study, but the latter finding suggests that the primary determinant was the `price' of the reinforcer, defined in terms of the number of responses required to produce it. Breaking points were similar under conditions where initial ratios changed from session to session and under more conventional conditions, where initial ratios remained unchanged over several sessions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3605
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	Author	Yamakoshi G; Sugiyama Y
	Title	Pestle-pounding behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: a newly observed tool-using behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	36	Issue		Pages	489
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3052
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	Author	Madigan, J.E.; Kortz, G.; Murphy, C.; Rodger, L.
	Title	Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	306-311
	Keywords	Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use; Behavior, Animal; Cyproheptadine/therapeutic use; Female; Head; Horse Diseases/drug therapy/etiology; Horses; Light/adverse effects; Male; Movement Disorders/drug therapy/etiology/*veterinary
	Abstract	Seven horses with headshaking are described. No physical abnormalities were detected in any of the cases. Six of these horses had onset of clinical signs in the spring. The role of light was assessed by application of a blindfold or dark grey lens to the eyes, covering the eyes with a face mask and observing the horse in total darkness outdoors. Cessation of headshaking was observed with blindfolding (5/5 horses), night darkness outdoors (4/4 horses) and use of grey lenses (2/3 horses). Outdoor behaviour suggested efforts to avoid light in 4/4 cases. The photic sneeze in man is suggested as a putative mechanism for equine headshaking. Five of 7 horses had improvement with cyproheptadine treatment (0.3 mg/kg bwt b.i.d.). Headshaking developed within 2 calendar weeks of the same date for 3 consecutive years in one horse. Neuropharmacological alterations associated with photoperiod mechanisms leading to optic trigeminal summation are suggested as possible reasons for spring onset of headshaking.
	Address	Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis 95616-8737, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8536668			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1940
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	Author	Saltz,D.; Rubenstein D.I.
	Title	Population Dynamics of a Reintroduced Asiatic Wild Ass (Equus Hemionus) Herd			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Ecological Applications	Abbreviated Journal	Ecol Appl
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	327-335
	Keywords
	Abstract	Reintroduction is the release of animals into an area where they were extirpated or have significantly declined. Little is known about the factors that determine the success of failure of ungulate reintroduction. We studied the dynamics of a reintroduced Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) population for 10 yr (1983-1993) following the first successful release into the wild. A total of 14 adult females and 14 adult males were released into a nature reserve in the Negev Desert of southern Israel. Over this 10-yr span the female population has grown to only 16 adults. Reproductive success of reintroduced females was low in the first 5 yr following release (0.0-0.8 foals@?female^-^1@?yr^-^1), but increased to 0.5-1.0 foals@?female^-^1@?yr^-^1 in the last 5 yr. Reproductive success of wild-born females @>3 yr old was higher than that of reintroduced females of similar ages, and ranged from 0.5-1.0 foals@?female@?^-^1yr^-^1. Our study and data from the E. hemionus studbook suggest that young nonprimiparous females produced primarily males, while primiparous and old females produced primarily females. We attribute the low reproductive success following reintroduction to the stress caused by capture, transport, and release procedures; we consider the age-dependent progeny sex ratio within the framework of Trivers and Willard's (1973) maternal allocation hypothesis. We conclude that the slow growth of the female population was due to: (a) low reproductive success of females in the early years following reintroduction, and (b) a male-skewed progeny sex ratio among prime-aged reintroduced females. A simple stochastic Leslie matrix model suggests that high survival and improved reproductive success of reintroduced females at later stages of the study, and the reproductive success of wild-born females, make the population relatively unsusceptible to extinction from random demographic processes. In-depth knowledge of the dynamics of reintroduced populations is vital for the correct assessment of their viability. We offer suggestions for increasing the efficacy of future wild ass reintroductions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2230
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	Author	Templeton, J.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A.
	Title	Public information cues affect the scrounging decisions of starlings			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	49	Issue	6	Pages	1617-1626
	Keywords
	Abstract	The foraging decisions that individuals make within groups should depend on the information available to them. An aviary experiment was conducted to examine whether a starling's, Sturnus vulgaris, decisions either to approach and feed from (scrounge) or to avoid the patches exploited by a partner bird are influenced by the information the partner provides. Both the type of information a subject could recognize and the point at which this information became available during the partner's exploitation of a patch were manipulaed. Information concerning the quality of a patch was available in the form of a concealed colour cue and from the behaviour of the partner bird. The foraging environment was manipulated such that colour cues were either present or absent, and provided either correct or incorrect information concerning the presence of food. When cues corresponded with past foraging experience, test subjects responded selectively and profitably to the patch exploitations of the partner; they scrounged from a higher proportion of profitable patches than control birds, which lacked the ability to recognize colour cues. Test subjects also arrived more quickly at profitable patches that the partner bird discovered than did control birds; and consequently, were able to obtain more food at each food patch scrounged. Finally, test subjects avoided scrounging when the partner discovered empty patches and thus saved foraging time. Responding selectively to public information, therefore, allows an individual to compete more effectively for resources within a foraging group.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2190
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	Author	Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A.
	Title	Punishment in animal societies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	373	Issue	6511	Pages	209-216
	Keywords
	Abstract	Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/373209a0			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4838
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