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Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489), 1390–1396.
Abstract: Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.
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Roberts, J., Hunter, M. L., & Kacelnik, A. (1981). The ground effect and acoustic communication. Anim. Behav., 29(2), 633–634.
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Berger J,. (1981). The role of risks in mammalian combat: Zebra and onager fights. Z Tierpsychol 56, , 297–304.
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Kaseda Y,. (1981). The structure of the groups of Misaki horses in Toi Cape. Jpn. J Zootech Sci, 52, 227–235.
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Joynson, R. B. (1981). Towards understanding relationships, by Robert A. Hinde. London: Academic, 1979, pp xii + 367. Aggressive Behavior, 7(3), 275–280.
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Gingerich Pd,. (1981). Variation, sexual dimorphism, and social structure in the early Eocene horse Hyracotherium. Paleobiol, , 443–455.
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Rau Re,. (1981). Zur Geschichte und Präparation der Mainzer Quaggas. Mainzer Naturw Archiv, 19, 221–236.
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