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Author Boysen, S.T.; Berntson, G.G. openurl 
  Title (up) Responses to quantity: perceptual versus cognitive mechanisms in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 82-86  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Cognition/*physiology; Female; *Pan troglodytes; Perception/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis  
  Abstract Two chimpanzees were trained to select among 2 different amounts of candy (1-6 items). The task was designed so that selection of either array by the active (selector) chimpanzee resulted in that array being given to the passive (observer) animal, with the remaining (nonselected) array going to the selector. Neither animal was able to select consistently the smaller array, which would reap the larger reward. Rather, both animals preferentially selected the larger array, thereby receiving the smaller number of reinforcers. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the food arrays, however, the selector animal evidenced more optimal performance, immediately selecting the smaller numeral and thus receiving the larger reward. These findings suggest that a basic predisposition to respond to the perceptual-motivational features of incentive stimuli can interfere with task performance and that this interference can be overridden when abstract symbols serve as choice stimuli.  
  Address Comparative Cognition Project, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:7844508 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2783  
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Author Thoren Hellsten, E.; Viklund, A.; Koenen, E.P.C.; Ricard, A.; Bruns, E.; Philipsson, J. url  doi
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  Title (up) Review of genetic parameters estimated at stallion and young horse performance tests and their correlations with later results in dressage and show-jumping competition Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Livestock Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 103 Issue 1-2 Pages 1-12  
  Keywords Genetic parameters; Sport horse; Performance test; Competition; Dressage; Show-jumping  
  Abstract Results from performance tests and competitions of young horses are used by major European warmblood horse breeding associations for genetic evaluations. The aim of this review was to compare genetic parameters for various tests of young horses to assess their efficiency in selection for dressage and show-jumping. Improved understanding of genetic information across countries is also necessary, as foreign trade with semen is rapidly increasing. The review is based on inquiries to European breed associations and on (17) scientific publications available, which have analysed genetic parameters of young horse data and/or relationships between young and mature horse results in sport. Despite differences in testing methods of young horses, results for major horse populations were in good agreement. Specially designed young horse performance tests, including stallion tests, showed high heritabilities and high genetic correlations with later competition results. We recommend that test results are encouraged to be used across countries for genetic evaluation of imported stallions and semen. Short station tests are generally preferred when selecting stallions for both dressage and jumping traits, whereas competition data may be used when selecting for only one discipline. We also recommend that extensive field testing of young horses is encouraged and should include both genders.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3951  
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Author Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. openurl 
  Title (up) Role of differential sample responding in the differential outcomes effect involving delayed matching by pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages 390-401  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior; Task Performance and Analysis  
  Abstract The role of differential sample responding in the differential outcomes effect was examined. In Experiment 1, we trained pigeons on a one-to-many matching task with differential sample responding required. Differential outcomes were associated with samples and comparisons, with comparisons only, or with neither samples nor comparisons. Slopes of delay functions for trials with pecked versus nonpecked samples suggested use of a single-code-default strategy in the nondifferential-outcomes group but not in the differential-outcomes groups. In Experiment 2, differential sample responding and differential outcomes were manipulated independently. Again, there were significant differences in the relative slopes of the delay functions. Results suggest that differential outcomes exert their effect independently of differential sample responding.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:7964521 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 257  
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Author Beran, M.J.; Pate, J.L.; Washburn, D.A.; Rumbaugh, D.M. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Sequential responding and planning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 203-212  
  Keywords Animals; *Cognition; Female; Goals; Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Task Performance and Analysis  
  Abstract Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected either Arabic numerals or colored squares on a computer monitor in a learned sequence. On shift trials, the locations of 2 stimuli were interchanged at some point. More errors were made when this interchange occurred for the next 2 stimuli to be selected than when the interchange was for stimuli later in the sequence. On mask trials, all remaining stimuli were occluded after the 1st selection. Performance exceeded chance levels for only 1 selection after these masks were applied. There was no difference in performance for either stimulus type (numerals or colors). The data indicated that the animals planned only the next selection during these computerized tasks as opposed to planning the entire response sequence.  
  Address Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15279511 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2767  
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Author Stoinski, T.S.; Whiten, A. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Social learning by orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) in a simulated food-processing task Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) Abbreviated Journal J Comp Psychol  
  Volume 117 Issue 3 Pages 272-282  
  Keywords *Animal Communication; Animals; *Feeding Behavior; Female; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Pongo pygmaeus/*psychology; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Transfer (Psychology)  
  Abstract Increasing evidence for behavioral differences between populations of primates has created a resurgence of interest in examining mechanisms of information transfer between individuals. The authors examined the social transmission of information in 15 captive orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) using a simulated food-processing task. Experimental subjects were shown 1 of 2 methods for removing a suite of defenses on an “artificial fruit.” Control subjects were given no prior exposure before interacting with the fruit. Observing a model provided a functional advantage in the task, as significantly more experimental than control subjects opened the fruit. Within the experimental groups, the authors found a trend toward differences in the actual behaviors used to remove 1 of the defenses. Results support observations from the wild implying horizontal transfer of information in orangutans and show that a number of social learning processes are likely to be involved in the transfer of knowledge in this species.  
  Address Department of Primate Research, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA. tstoinski@zooatlanta.org  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0735-7036 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:14498803 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 737  
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Author Gomez, J.-C. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Species comparative studies and cognitive development Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal Trends. Cognit. Sci.  
  Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 118-125  
  Keywords Animals; Attention/physiology; Brain/*growth & development; Child, Preschool; Cognition/*physiology; Concept Formation/physiology; Dogs; Evolution; Fixation, Ocular; Gorilla gorilla; Humans; Infant; Learning/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Mental Recall/physiology; Personal Construct Theory; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Species Specificity  
  Abstract The comparative study of infant development and animal cognition brings to cognitive science the promise of insights into the nature and origins of cognitive skills. In this article, I review a recent wave of comparative studies conducted with similar methodologies and similar theoretical frameworks on how two core components of human cognition--object permanence and gaze following--develop in different species. These comparative findings call for an integration of current competing accounts of developmental change. They further suggest that evolution has produced developmental devices capable at the same time of preserving core adaptive components, and opening themselves up to further adaptive change, not only in interaction with the external environment, but also in interaction with other co-developing cognitive systems.  
  Address Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY15 9JU, UK  
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  ISSN 1364-6613 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15737820 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2851  
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Author Huizinga, H.A.; van der Werf, J.H.J.; Korver, S.; van der Meij, G.J.W. url  openurl
  Title (up) Stationary performance testing of stallions from the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. 1. Estimated genetic parameters of scored traits and the genetic relation with dressage and jumping competition from offspring of breeding stallions Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Livestock Production Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 27 Issue 2-3 Pages 231-244  
  Keywords dressage; genetic parameters; horse; jumping; performance; stallion  
  Abstract The stationary performance testing (SPT) of stallions as breeding candidates in the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population is evaluated. Genetic and phenotypic parameters of traits scored during SPT and the genetic correlation of these traits with performances in dressage and jumping competition from offspring of breeding stallions are estimated. Data from 1978-1988 are used, covering scores from 337 3-year-old stallions. Eight subjectively scored traits are considered. These traits are: walk; trot; canter; riding ability; show jumping; free jumping; cross country; character. SPT lasts for a period of 100 days. Data from SPT are analysed using an animal model. The relations between SPT of stallions and performances in jumping and dressage competition are analysed with an animal model for SPT data and a sire model for competition data. Variance and covariance components are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. Estimates of heritability are high (0.64) for gaits and riding ability, intermediate (0.41) for cross country and medium-high (0.31) for jumping. Estimated genetic correlation between show jumping scored during SPT and jumping in competition from offspring of breeding stallions is 0.84; for dressage this relation is 0.83. Some possible bias due to selection and the subjectivity of scoring is discussed. It is indicated that selection on SPT of stallions before entering breeding service is an effective tool to breed for ability of performance in competition.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3962  
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Author Huizinga, H.A.; Korver, S.; van der Meij, G.J.W. url  openurl
  Title (up) Stationary performance testing of stallions from the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. 2. Estimated heritabilities of and correlations between successive judgements of performance traits Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Livestock Production Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 27 Issue 2-3 Pages 245-254  
  Keywords dressage; genetic parameters; horse; jumping; performance; stallion  
  Abstract The length of test period of stationary performance testing (SPT) of stallions of the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population is evaluated. Heritability of successive judgements of traits and the phenotypic and genetic relations between successive judgements are estimated. Data from 1983-1988 are used, covering scores from 206 mostly 3-year-old stallions. Ten subjectively scored traits are considered: walk, trot, canter, riding ability, jumping ability, free jumping, cross country, character, stable behaviour, training report. Traits are successively scored at about 25, 50, 80 and 100 days in SPT. Missing scores are predicted on basis of the available scores using multiple partial regression coefficients. Validity of this method is checked in an independent data set for walk, trot and canter. The correlations between predicted and realized scores average 0.74, 0.77 and 0.79 when first, first and second, and first, second and third judgements are available, respectively. Variance and covariance components are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. Data from SPT are analysed using an animal model. Estimates of heritability are high and constant for gaits during the successive judgements. Except for stable behaviour estimates of heritability, the traits decrease slightly during the successive judgements. Estimates of the phenotypic and genetic correlations between successive judgements are high. It is concluded that length of SPT can be shortened and selection during SPT can be intensified.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3963  
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Author Stoet, G.; Snyder, L.H. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Task preparation in macaque monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 121-130  
  Keywords Animals; *Cognition; Conditioning, Classical; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Reaction Time; Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception  
  Abstract We investigated whether macaque monkeys possess the ability to prepare abstract tasks in advance. We trained two monkeys to use different stimulus-response (S-R) mappings. On each trial, monkeys were first informed with a visual cue which of two S-R mapping to use. Following a delay, a visual target was presented to which they would respond with a left or right button-press. We manipulated delay time between cue and target and found that performance was faster and more accurate with longer delays, suggesting that monkeys used the delay time to prepare each task in advance.  
  Address Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. stoet@pcg.wustl.edu  
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  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:12721788 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2572  
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Author Visser, E.K.; Van Reenen, C.G.; Engel, B.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Barneveld, A.; Blokhuis, H.J. doi  openurl
  Title (up) The association between performance in show-jumping and personality traits earlier in life Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 279-295  
  Keywords Personality; Performance; Horses; Prediction; Individual differences; Behavioural tests  
  Abstract For a horse to succeed in a show-jumping career, the individual has to possess both excellent physical abilities as well as a suitable personality to perform under challenging conditions. Forty-one Dutch Warmblood horses were used to develop personality tests and correlations between test variables and early training performances in jumping were studied. In behavioural tests, during the first 2 years of the horses' lives, personality aspects like emotionality, reactivity to human and learning abilities were quantified. At the age of 3, horses were broken and received early training in show-jumping. The inter-relationship between several performance variables measured during this early training phase were studied using principal component analysis (PCA). Variables measured in the different personality tests (novel-object test, handling test, avoidance-learning test and a reward-learning test) showed no correlations, suggesting that these tests all triggered different aspects of a horse's personality. This study indicates that it is possible to predict a substantial part of the show-jumping performance of an individual horse later in life by personality traits earlier in life.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 326  
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