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Potter, G.D.; Yeates, B.F. |
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Behavioral principles of training and management |
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1990 |
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The Horse, 2nd Edn |
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665-682 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 4; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4540 |
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Mal, M.E.; Friend, T.H.; Lay, D.C.; Vogelsang, S.G.; Jenkins, O.C. |
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Title |
Behavioral responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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31 |
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1-2 |
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13-24 |
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Thirty-six mares, blocked by age and temperament score, were assigned to one of three treatment groups: pasture (P); confinement stalls (C), allowing social contact; isolation stalls (ISS), allowing no contact with conspecifics. After 48 h on treatment, the mares were observed in situ for 1 h. Medium temperament and highly reactive ISS mares spent more time eating grain (P<0.01) and exhibited more grain-eating bouts (P<0.03) than P and C mares. Calm P mares had longer forage-eating bouts than C and ISS mares (P<0.02). During a 15 min open-field test in a 23 m x 23 m pen after 72 h on treatment, ISS mares traveled farther (P<0.005) than C and P mares, spent more total time trotting (P<0.01) than C and P mares, and exhibited a greater number of trotting bouts (P<0.01) than both C and P mares. Isolated mares spent less total time standing during the open-field test than C (P<0.05) and P (P<0.01) mares, but exhibited a greater number of standing bouts than C (P<0.05) and P (P<0.01) mares. Isolated mares also exhibited a greater number of total activity bouts (P<0.01) during the open-field test than both C and P mares; P mares also exhibited fewer activity bouts than C mares (P<0.1). Results indicate that mares kept in confined and isolated environments showed greater motivation for movement and performance of a greater number of activities than those maintained on pasture with conspecifics. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4820 |
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Author |
Saayman, G.S. |
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Title |
Behaviour of the adult males in a troop of free-ranging Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) |
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Year |
1971 |
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Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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15 |
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1 |
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36-57 |
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Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Grooming; *Haplorhini; Homing Behavior; Humans; Leadership; Male; Papio; Pregnancy; Sex Factors; *Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance |
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English |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:5003339 |
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2053 |
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Author |
Versace, E.; Morgante, M.; Pulina, G.; Vallortigara, G. |
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Title |
Behavioural lateralization in sheep (Ovis aries) |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain. Res. |
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184 |
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1 |
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72-80 |
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Keywords |
Lateralization; Laterality; Brain asymmetry; Hemisphere; Sheep; Lamb; Strength of lateralization |
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This study investigates behavioural lateralization in sheep and lambs of different ages. A flock was tested in a task in which the animals were facing an obstacle and should avoid it on either the right or left side to rejoin flock-mates (adult sheep) or their mothers (lambs). A bias for avoiding the obstacle on the right side was observed, with lambs apparently being more lateralized than sheep. This right bias was tentatively associated with the left-hemifield laterality in familiar faces recognition which has been documented in this species. Differences between adult sheep and lambs were likely to be due to differences in social reinstatement motivation elicited by different stimuli (flock-mates or mothers) at different ages. Preferential use of the forelegs to step on a wood-board and direction of jaw movement during rumination was also tested in adult animals. No population bias nor individual-level lateralization was observed for use of the forelegs. At the same time, however, there was a large number of animals showing individual-level lateralization for the direction of jaw movement during rumination even though there was no population bias. These findings highlight that within the same species individual- and population-level lateralization can be observed in different tasks. Moreover, the results fit the general hypothesis that population-level asymmetries are more likely to occur in tasks that require social coordination among behaviourally asymmetric individuals. |
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0166-4328 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6701 |
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Author |
Hoffmann; G. |
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Title |
Bewegungsaktivität und Stressbelastung bei Pferden in Auslaufhaltungssystemen mit verschiedenen Bewegungsangeboten |
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2008 |
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Dissertation |
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Pferdehaltungssysteme mit angrenzenden Ausläufen gelten als eine sehr tiergerechte
Haltungsform, da sie den Tieren eine gewisse Bewegungsmöglichkeit
bieten. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, zu erfassen, ob der angrenzende
Auslauf selbst einen ausreichenden Anreiz zur Bewegung darstellt und wie sich verschiedene
Bewegungs- und Platzangebote auf die Bewegungsaktivität von Pferden
in einer Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung auswirken. Zudem wurde ermittelt, welche Auswirkung
die Bewegungsform bzw. –intensität auf das Wohlbefinden der Tiere hat.
Der Großteil der in Deutschland gehaltenen Pferde verbringt die meiste Zeit des
Tages im Stall, obwohl mittlerweile bekannt ist, dass Pferde unter natürlichen
Haltungsbedingungen 12 bis 16 Stunden des Tages in Bewegung verbringen. Der
Optimierung der Stallhaltungssysteme gilt daher ein besonderes Interesse.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden von September 2004 bis Oktober 2005 Versuche mit 24
Warmblutstuten im Alter von 1½ bis 3½ Jahren in Einzel- und Gruppen-
Auslaufhaltungssystemen durchgeführt. Jeweils sechs Pferde bildeten eine Versuchsgruppe.
In jeder Gruppe fanden fünf Varianten von einer ca. dreiwöchigen
Dauer statt. Die Gruppenhaltung wurde dabei durch drei unterschiedliche Zusatzbewegungsangebote
(2 Std. Weide / Tag, 2 Std. unbegrünte Koppel / Tag, 1 Std. Freilauf-
Führanlage / Tag) ergänzt. In der Einzel-Auslaufhaltung (Box mit 45 m²-großem
angrenzenden Auslauf) und in einer Versuchsvariante der Gruppenhaltung bekamen
die Pferde hingegen keine zusätzliche Bewegung außerhalb des Stallhaltungssystems
angeboten. Das Gruppenhaltungssystem selbst war durch die räumliche
Trennung der Funktionsbereiche (Liegen, Fressen, Trinken, Bewegen) gekennzeichnet
und der angrenzende Auslauf war 270 m² groß. In einer zusätzlichen Versuchsphase
fand in der Gruppenhaltung eine Erweiterung des permanent zugänglichen
Auslaufs auf insg. 540 m² statt.
Die Bewegungsaktivität wurde mit Pedometern erfasst, die an jeweils einem Hinterbein
der Pferde befestigt wurden und ergänzend fand eine Analyse von Videoaufzeichnungen
statt. Zur Beurteilung der Stressbelastung fanden Messungen der Herz192
Zusammenfassung
frequenzvariabilität (Parameter HF und SD2) und der fäkalen Cortisolmetabolitenkonzentration
statt.
Die Auswertung des Bewegungsverhaltens ergab, dass eine zusätzliche zweistündige
freie Bewegung der Pferdegruppe auf einer Weide zu einer deutlichen
Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Bewegungsaktivität (149,6 Min. / Tag) führt,
ebenso wie eine einstündige Bewegung in einer Führanlage (173,0 Min. / Tag). Eine
unbegrünte Koppel regte die Pferde der Gruppenhaltung hingegen nicht zu vermehrter
Bewegung an (131,6 Min. / Tag), sondern bewirkte z. T. sogar eine Abnahme
der Bewegungsaktivität. In der Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung ohne zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot
war die Bewegungsaktivität ebenfalls gering (125,8 Min / Tag) und
während der Einzel-Auslaufhaltung ohne Zusatzbewegung zeigten die Pferde die
geringste Bewegungsaktivität (102,3 Min. / Tag).
Bei der alleinigen Analyse der Bewegungszeit im Stallhaltungssystem war kein signifikanter
Einfluss der zusätzlichen Bewegung außerhalb des Stallsystems auf die
übrige Fortbewegung feststellbar.
Auch eine Vergrößerung des an den Stall angrenzenden Auslaufs im Gruppenhaltungssystem
hatte keinen steigernden Einfluss auf das Bewegungsverhalten der
Pferde.
Die Stressbelastung der Pferde war in den Varianten der Gruppenhaltung mit zweistündigem
Weidegang (SD2: 82,9 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten: 29,0 nmol / kg Kot) sowie
der einstündigen Bewegung in einer Freilauf-Führanlage (SD2: 99,2 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
27,7 nmol / kg Kot) am geringsten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten eine
Stresszunahme in der Gruppenhaltung mit zweistündigem Auslauf auf einer unbegrünten
Koppel ohne Futterangebot (SD2: 101,3 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
39,6 nmol / kg Kot) sowie in der Variante der Gruppenhaltung ohne zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot
(SD2: 113,3 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten: 38,4 nmol / kg Kot). Dem
Mittelwert der Gruppe nach zu folgern hatten die Pferde während der Einzelhaltung
ohne Zusatzbewegung eine sehr große Stressbelastung (SD2: 123,8 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
37,5 nmol / kg Kot). Ein Vergleich der Gruppen- und Einzelhaltung hinsichtlich
der Herzfrequenzvariabilität hat jedoch gezeigt, dass insg. 70 % der Pferde
während der Haltung in einer Gruppe weniger Stress empfinden. Es gab aber auch
Zusammenfassung 193
Pferde (30 %), die in der Einzelhaltung eine abnehmende Stressbelastung zeigten,
wobei hier der Einfluss der Rangordnung eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen
scheint.
Durch die Auswertung mehrerer Messparameter (sowohl für Stress- als auch für Bewegungsverhalten)
werden gleichgerichtete Tendenzen bei den Versuchsvarianten
deutlich, allerdings ist eine eindeutige Gewichtung der Parameter nicht möglich.
Somit ist die methodische Vorgehensweise dieser Untersuchung sehr positiv und als
notwendig anzusehen, da die Messdaten auch immer gewissen Schwankungen
durch externe Einflüsse unterliegen.
Allgemein ist festzuhalten, dass Auslaufhaltungssysteme zwar eine gewisse
Anregung zur Bewegung bieten, aber mit maximal vier Stunden (insg. 62 – 248 Min.)
Bewegung pro Tag war der tägliche Anteil an Bewegung sehr viel geringer als
beispielsweise bei Pferden in freier Wildbahn oder ganzjähriger Weidehaltung. Somit
deckt ein Auslaufhaltungssystem trotz getrennter Funktionsbereiche und eines
großen Auslaufs nicht den Bewegungsbedarf der Pferde, wenn keine zusätzlichen
Bewegungsanreize und –möglichkeiten angeboten werden.
Eine zusätzliche Bewegung von Pferden ist nicht nur zur Gesunderhaltung des
Bewegungsapparates und der Körperfunktionen notwendig, sondern auch um das
Wohlbefinden und die Ausgeglichenheit der Pferde zu steigern.
[Horse husbandry systems with close-by discharge are considered to be a very livestock-
friendly housing form, as they offer a certain movement opportunity for the
animals. The aim of the present study was to examine how different movement and
space offerings affect the movement activities of horses in a group horse husbandry
with close-by discharge, and whether the discharge provides itself an adequate
incentive for movement. The impact that the form or rather intensity of movement has
on the wellbeing of the animals was also established.
Most of the horses held in Germany spend most of the day in the stable, although it is
meanwhile known that horses under natural housing conditions are 12 to 16 hours of
the day in motion. Therefore the improvement of stable housing systems applies a
special interest.
For this purpose, 24 warmblood mares, aged from 1½ to 3½ years, were studied in
single and group discharge husbandry systems from September 2004 until October
2005. Six horses formed an experimental group. In every group five variants of approximately
three weeks were proceeded. Thereby the group husbandry was supplemented
with three different additional movement opportunities (2 h pasture / day,
2 h non-grassy pasture land / day, 1 h free range horse walker / day). In the single
discharge husbandry (single box with 45 sq. m-large close-by discharge) and in one
experimental variant of the group husbandry got the horses, however, offered no additional
movement outside the husbandry system. The group husbandry system itself
was marked by the spatial division of the functional areas (lying, eating, drinking,
moving) and the close-by discharge measured 270 sq. m. In an additional phase of
the study, and expansion of the permanently accessible close-by discharge to
540 sq. m was found.
The movement activity was documented with pedometers attached respectively to
one hind leg of the horse and a supplementary analysis of video documentation. To
evaluate the stress exposure measurements of heart frequency variability (parameters
HF and SD2) and of the faecal cortisol metabolite concentration were performed.
Summary 195
The interpretation of the movement behaviour showed that additional two hours of
free movement on a pasture led to a significant increase in the average movement
activity (149.6 min / day), as well as one hour movement in a horsewalker did
(173.0 min / day). The non-grassy pasture land, however, didn’t inspire the horses of
the group husbandry to increased movement (131.6 min / day), but sometimes even
caused a decrease in movement activity. In the group discharge husbandry without
additional movement opportunities the movement activity was also low
(125.8 min / day), and during the single discharge husbandry without additional
movement the horses showed the least movement activity (102.3 min / day).
In analysing only the movement time in the stable system was no significant impact
of the additional movement outside the housing system to the rest of locomotion
ascertainable.
As well an expansion of the close-by stable discharge in the group husbandry system
had no increasing influence on the movement behaviour of the horses.
The stress exposure of the horses was least in the variations of group husbandry
with two hours on a pasture (SD2: 82.9 ms; cortisol metabolites: 29.0 nmol / kg faeces)
as well as one hour of movement in a free range horse walker (SD2: 99.2 ms;
cortisol metabolites: 27.7 nmol / kg faeces). The studies showed a rise in stress in
group husbandry with two hours of movement on a non-grassy pasture land without
feeding opportunity (SD2: 101.3 ms; cortisol metabolites: 39.6 nmol / kg faeces) as
well as in the variation of the group husbandry without additional movement offerings
(SD2: 113.3 ms; cortisol metabolites: 38.4 nmol / kg faeces). Judging from the mean
of the group the horses had a very high stress exposure in the variation of the single
husbandry without additional movement offerings (SD2: 123.8 ms; cortisol metabolites:
37.5 nmol / kg faeces). But a comparison of the group and single husbandry in
terms of the heart frequency variability showed that alltogether 70 % of the horses
experienced less stress if hold in a group. However, some horses (30 %) showed
reducing stress in the single husbandry, whereas here the influence of social hierarchy
seems to play a decisive role.
196 Summary
In consequence of the examination of several measuring parameters (both for stressand
for movement behaviour) parallel aligned tendencies become apparent in the
experimental variants, however, is a unique weighting of the parameters not possible.
Thus, the methodological approach of this study is to be regarde as very positive and
necessary, since the data always vary with some fluctuations by external influences.
In general it can be established that discharge husbandry systems offer some incentive
for the horse to move, but with a maximum of four hours (overall 62 – 248 min) of
movement per day, the daily proportion of movement was much less than, for example,
in the case of wild horses or year-round pasture keeping. Thus, if no additional
movement incentives and possibilities are offered, the discharge husbandry system
doesn’t cover the movement needs of the horse despite separate functional areas
and a large outside discharge.
Additional movement is not only necessary to keep the musculoskeletal system and
bodily functions of the horse healthy, but also to ensure the horse’s well being and
mental balance.] |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5660 |
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Author |
Chapron, G.; Treves, A. |
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Title |
Blood does not buy goodwill: allowing culling increases poaching of a large carnivore |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Proc Biol Sci |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
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283 |
Issue |
1830 |
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Abstract |
Quantifying environmental crime and the effectiveness of policy interventions is difficult because perpetrators typically conceal evidence. To prevent illegal uses of natural resources, such as poaching endangered species, governments have advocated granting policy flexibility to local authorities by liberalizing culling or hunting of large carnivores. We present the first quantitative evaluation of the hypothesis that liberalizing culling will reduce poaching and improve population status of an endangered carnivore. We show that allowing wolf (Canis lupus) culling was substantially more likely to increase poaching than reduce it. Replicated, quasi-experimental changes in wolf policies in Wisconsin and Michigan, USA, revealed that a repeated policy signal to allow state culling triggered repeated slowdowns in wolf population growth, irrespective of the policy implementation measured as the number of wolves killed. The most likely explanation for these slowdowns was poaching and alternative explanations found no support. When the government kills a protected species, the perceived value of each individual of that species may decline; so liberalizing wolf culling may have sent a negative message about the value of wolves or acceptability of poaching. Our results suggest that granting management flexibility for endangered species to address illegal behaviour may instead promote such behaviour. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6379 |
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Author |
Vallortigara, G.; Chiandetti, C.; Sovrano, V.A. |
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Title |
Brain asymmetry (animal) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
WIREs Cogn Sci |
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2 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
146-157 |
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Abstract |
Once considered a uniquely human attribute, brain asymmetry has been proved to be ubiquitous among non-human animals. A synthetic review of evidence of animal lateralization in the motor, sensory, cognitive, and affective domains is provided, together with a discussion of its development and possible biological functions. It is argued that investigation of brain asymmetry in a comparative perspective may favor the link between classical neuropsychological studies and modern developmental and evolutionary biology approaches. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 146–157 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.100 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website |
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
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1939-5086 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5687 |
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Author |
Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H. |
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Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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193 |
Issue |
3 |
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333-354 |
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Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest. These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS). Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest-dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1469-7998 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5455 |
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Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Mace, G.M. |
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Brain size and ecology in small mammals and primates |
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1980 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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PNAS |
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77 |
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7 |
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4387-4389 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5456 |
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Geisbauer, G.; Griebel, U.; Schmid, A.; Timney, B |
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Brightness discrimination and neutral point |
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2004 |
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Canadian Journal of Zoology |
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Can. J. Zool |
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82 |
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4 |
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660-670 |
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Abstract: Equine brightness discrimination ability and color discrimination were measured using a two-choice discrimination
task. Two Haflinger horses (Equus caballus L., 1758) were trained to discriminate 30 different shades of grey
varying from low to high relative brightness. Their ability to distinguish shades of grey was poor, with calculated
Weber fractions of 0.42 and 0.45. In addition, a “neutral point” test to determine the dimensionality of color vision
was carried out. Three hues of blue-green were tested versus a range of grey targets with brightnesses similar to those
of the blue-green targets. A neutral point was found at about 480 nm. Thus, we can conclude that horses possess
dichromatic color vision. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3649 |
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