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Tan, H.; Wilson, A.M. |
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Title  |
Grip and limb force limits to turning performance in competition horses |
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2011 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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278 |
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1715 |
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2105-2111 |
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Manoeuverability is a key requirement for successful terrestrial locomotion, especially on variable terrain, and is a deciding factor in predator–prey interaction. Compared with straight-line running, bend running requires additional leg force to generate centripetal acceleration. In humans, this results in a reduction in maximum speed during bend running and a published model assuming maximum limb force as a constraint accurately predicts how much a sprinter must slow down on a bend given his maximum straight-line speed. In contrast, greyhounds do not slow down or change stride parameters during bend running, which suggests that their limbs can apply the additional force for this manoeuvre. We collected horizontal speed and angular velocity of heading of horses while they turned in different scenarios during competitive polo and horse racing. The data were used to evaluate the limits of turning performance. During high-speed turns of large radius horizontal speed was lower on the bend, as would be predicted from a model assuming a limb force limit to running speed. During small radius turns the angular velocity of heading decreased with increasing speed in a manner consistent with the coefficient of friction of the hoof–surface interaction setting the limit to centripetal force to avoid slipping. |
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10.1098/rspb.2010.2395 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5701 |
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Author |
Bouskila, A.; Renan, S.; Speyer, E.; Ben-Natan, D.; Zaibel, I.; Bar-David, S. |
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Title |
Group composition and behavior of reintroduced Equus hemionus near a water source in the Negev Desert |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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The Asiatic Wild Ass, Equus hemionus, was once abundant in western Asia. The species declined due to hunting and habitat loss. Between 1982-93 38 E. hemionus (21? 17?) that originated from Iran and Turkmenistan were reintroduced to the Negev Desert, Israel. Saltz, Rubinstein and co-workers studied the released population till 1999. The current population in the Negev is estimated at more than 200 individuals, yet, their social and genetic structures are not known. Here we report group composition and behavior of E. hemionus near a water sources from the 2010 and 2011 field seasons, which is part of a wider study of the mating system and genetic diversity. We recorded and videotaped group composition and social interactions from a shelter, 150m from the water source. We recorded a total of 377 observations, in which 251 only males were observed, in 105 observations we observed females and juveniles, and only in 21 cases we observed a mixed group of females with at least one male. Not all wild asses were individually identified, but so far, we analyzed data from 69 individual profiles (based on photos), and recorded in which groups were they videotaped. Before reaching the water source, wild asses often aggregate in large groups and wait for the first few individuals to approach cautiously the water, and only then the rest of the individuals make a swift final approach. We did not consider these aggregations as social groups. We defined a group when individuals approached or left together the valley in which the water source is located. In a few encounters between E. hemionus and wolves (around sunset) we noticed that the wild asses showed interest in the wolves and increased alertness, but the wolves did not approach the equids under these conditions. Female groups (including those with a male) were larger than male-only groups (range 2-49 and 1-34, respectively; P =0.0191). From records of individuals observed more than once, individuals appear on different days in groups of various sizes and compositions, suggesting a social structure with a certain degree of fission-fusion. The mean proportion of juveniles per female was 0.57 and this value is higher than the average found in the 1990’s study (0.5). Apart from the proliferation of the population, an important difference between the earlier and the current study stems from the fact that the E. hemionus in the Negev Desert expanded their range and it includes now the Negev Highlands, an area with slightly more mesic and stable conditions. Except for Sep., fewer adult females were observed compared to males (P=0.028). Different daily activity patterns of the two sexes may explain this observation. These results will be combined with the genetic work and will contribute to the assessment of population viability. |
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Bouskila, A. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5508 |
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Sondergaard, E.; Ladewig, J. |
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Title |
Group housing exerts a positive effect on the behaviour of young horses during training |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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87 |
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1-2 |
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105-118 |
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Keywords |
Horses; Housing; Human-animal relationship; Social environment; Training; Learning |
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In an experiment on the effects of social environment and training on the human-animal relationship, 20 horses were handled according to a defined schedule. Eight horses were housed singly and 12 horses were housed in four groups of 3 horses. Horses were handled three times per week in 10 min sessions from an age of 6 months until 2 years of age during two winter periods. A total of 50 and 70 sessions were given in the first and second period, respectively. Five randomly allocated people performed the training. The training scheme involved leading, tying up, touching, lifting feet, etc. in 43 stages. The horse had to fulfil the performance criteria of each stage in order to get to the next stage. In the first winter period, horses were led to the stable when they had “passed” a stage or after 10 min of training. In the second winter period, horses would start off at stage 1 again, and when they “passed” a stage they went on to the next stage within the same training session. Because of the change in training procedure results were analysed separately for the two winter periods. There was a significant difference between trainers in the number of times they allowed a horse to “pass” a stage within each winter period (χ32, P<0.05; χ32, P<0.001 for the first and the second winter period, respectively). Group housed horses “passed” more stages than single housed horses (17 versus 14; 27 versus 18 in the first and second winter period, respectively; P<0.05 for the interaction). Singly housed horses bit the trainer more frequently than did group housed horses (P<0.01). The responses of group housed horses to training clearly demonstrate the benefits of raising young horses in groups. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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724 |
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Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Title |
Group management in Active-Stables |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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In active stabling the horses live in a group and are in constant social contact with their equine companions. Separate, dedicated areas define the concept. The key element of active stabling is the automatic feeding of hard feed, minerals and forage. This ensures the correct level of feeding and encourages the horses to increase their level of activity. The organisation of the dedicated areas in active stabling is dependent on a number of factors, such as the given facilities, the planned group sizes and the commercial and working aspects.
The ongoing acquisition of knowledge from science and research, practical experience from the horse industry, and the relevant national guidelines and conditions for keeping horses, form the basis for the planning of active stabling.
For example, in Germany, an important contribution to the further development of the active stabling concept is coming from the current research by Dr Zeitler-Feicht and her team into automatic feeding systems and the arrangement of areas to lie down in the quiet space. Together they run around 500 active stabling facilities, and they made a significant contribution to the 2009 guidelines for horse husbandry in the animal protection regulations.
At the ISEM 2012, practical examples of group management in active stabling will be presented. The aim of the participants is to achieve a continuing improvement in horse husbandry, combining the requirements of animal protection with the uses of the horses. |
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Corporate Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5518 |
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Croneya, C.C. |
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Title |
Group size and cognitive processes |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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103 |
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3-4 |
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15-228 |
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Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes |
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Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group
size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the
increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic
social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity,
social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and
domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on
animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature
pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group
size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship
between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management
benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for
improved animal welfare. |
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Ruth C. Newberryb |
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refbase @ user @ |
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277 |
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Author |
Jørgensen, G.H.M.; Borsheim, L.; Mejdell, C.M.; Søndergaard, E.; Bøe, K.E. |
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Title |
Grouping horses according to gender--Effects on aggression, spacing and injuries |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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120 |
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1-2 |
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94-99 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Group housing; Gender; Injuries; Social behaviour |
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Many horse owners tend to group horses according to gender, in an attempt to reduce aggressive interactions and the risk of injuries. The aim of our experiment was to test the effects of such gender separation on injuries, social interactions and individual distance in domestic horses. A total of 66 horses were recruited from 4 different farms in Norway and Denmark and divided into six batches. Within each batch, horses were allotted into one mare group, one gelding group and one mixed gender group, with most groups consisting of three or four animals. After 4-6 weeks of acclimatisation, a trained observer recorded all social interactions using direct, continuous observation 1 h in the morning and 1 h in the afternoon for three consecutive days. Recordings of the nearest neighbour of each horse were performed using instantaneous sampling every 10 min. The horses were inspected for injuries before grouping, day 1 after grouping and after 4-6 weeks. No significant effect of gender composition was found on social interactions (P > 0.05), spacing (P > 0.07) or injuries (P > 0.23). Eighty percent of all aggressive interactions recorded were threats, not involving physical contact. Horses with the smallest space allowance showed the highest mean number of aggressive interactions (28.6 ± 6.1 interactions per 6 h) compared to the mean of all the other batches (8.3 ± 1.0 interactions per 6 h). Very few injuries were found and most were superficial. In conclusion, gender composition does not seem to have any effect on aggression level, spacing or injuries. However, the early social experience of horses, management of feeding and space allowance probably represents more important factors for successful group housing of domestic horses. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5093 |
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Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Title |
Gruppen Management in Aktiv Ställen |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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In einem Aktivstall leben die Pferde in einer Gruppe und sind im ständigen Sozialkontakt mit ihren Artgenossen. Getrennte Funktionsbereiche kennzeichnen das Konzept. Das Kernstück eines Aktivstalles ist die automatisierte Fütterung für Kraft,- Mineral,- und Raufutter. Sie gewährleistet die bedarfsgerechte Fütterung und regt die Pferde zur vermehrten Bewegungsaktivität an. Die Gestaltung der Funktionsbereiche eines Aktivstalles hängt von mehreren Faktoren wie den örtlichen Gegebenheiten, geplanter Gruppengröße und -zusammensetzung sowie betriebs- und arbeitwirtschaftlichen Aspekten ab.
Die Grundlage für die Planung eines Aktivstall – Konzeptes sind die laufenden Erkenntnisgewinne aus Wissenschaft und Forschung, die praktischen Erfahrungen auf Pferdebetrieben sowie die länderspezifischen, offiziellen Richtlinien und Bestimmungen zur Pferdehaltung.
So sind z. B. in Deutschland die aktuellen Untersuchungen zu den Themen automatisierte Fütterungssysteme und Liegeflächengestaltung im Ruheraum von Frau Dr. Zeitler – Feicht und ihrem Team, den ca. 500 Aktivstallbetrieben und den seit dem Jahr 2009 geltenden Leitlinien zur Pferdehaltung unter Tierschutzgesichtspunkten wesentliche Bestimmungsparameter für die Weiterentwicklung des Aktivstall – Konzeptes.
Auf dem IESM 2012 wird den Teilnehmern das Gruppenmanagement in Aktivställen am Beispiel von Praxisbetrieben vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, eine kontinuierliche Verbesserung der Pferdehaltung im Sinne des Tierschutzes in Verbindung mit der Nutzung der Pferde zu erreichen. |
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Corporate Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Deutsch |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5567 |
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de Oliveira, K.; Soutello, R.V.G.; da Fonseca, R.; Costa, C.; de L. Meirelles, P.R.; Fachiolli, D.F.; Clayton, H.M. |
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Title |
Gymnastic Training and Dynamic Mobilization Exercises Improve Stride Quality and Increase Epaxial Muscle Size in Therapy Horses |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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35 |
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11 |
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888-893 |
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Equine; Hippotherapy; Therapeutic exercise; Dynamic mobilization exercise; Physical training; Three-dimensional movement |
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The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of gymnastic training (GYM) and dynamic mobilization exercises (DMEs) on stride length (SL) and epaxial muscle size in therapy horses. Nine cross-bred hippotherapy horses that performed three, 25-minute therapeutic riding sessions per week throughout the study period were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: a control group in which the horses were sedentary with no additional physical activity; a group that performed DMEs; and a group that performed both DMEs and additional GYM including pelvic tilting, backing, turning in small circles, and walking over a raised rail to strengthen the abdominal and pelvic stabilizer muscles. The exercises were performed 3Â days per week for 3Â months, with evaluations at the start and end of the study. Stride quality was assessed by measuring SL and tracking distance (TD). Epaxial muscle size was monitored by ultrasonographic measurement of m. longissimus dorsi (LD) thickness and m. multifidi (MM) cross-sectional area. Paired t tests were used to compare within groups across time, and between groups were detected using analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test. When walking at 1.3Â m/s, SL and TD at walk increased significantly (P < .05) in horses subjected to GYM. Thickness of LD did not change in any group, but cross-sectional area of MM increased significantly by 3.55Â cm2 (DME) and 3.78Â cm2 (GYM). It was concluded that GYM training improved stride quality and DME-stimulated MM hypertrophy which has been shown to improve intervertebral joint stability in other species. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6593 |
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Medill, S.A; Janz, D.M.; McLoughlin, P.D. |
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Hair testosterone and cortisol concentrations and their relationships to physiological and social status in feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Determining steroid hormone concentrations in hair has been frequently performed in humans, and increasingly in wildlife and domestic animals. Hair hormone concentrations may provide insight on how individuals are responding to their physiological condition or social situation. Cortisol is most frequently measured in hair as a biomarker of long-term stress, while testosterone may be linked with reproductive status in males. These hormones are commonly measured in substances that reflect either current (e.g. blood) or very recent (e.g. saliva, urine, feces) circulating levels. However, these hormones are also incorporated into hair during hair growth and provide a chronological record of circulating hormone levels. Thus, analysis of steroid hormones in hair provides a much longer representation of an animal’s endocrine status than other tissues frequently targeted for non-invasive monitoring.
The feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) population on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, has been annually censused during the mid-late summer since 2008 to track individual life histories and population dynamics. We collected tail hair (n = 144 females, n = 162 males) from known individuals either opportunistically or from natural or artificial snags to investigate how hair cortisol and testosterone might be associated with physiological state (e.g. lactating vs. non-lactating, body condition, age), as well as their social situation (e.g. dominant band stallion, subordinate band stallion, or bachelor) and measures of sociality. The proximal 5 cm of hair (excluding first 4mm or root region) were ground to a fine powder and hormones extracted with methanol and analyzed by using enzyme-linked immunoassay.
Preliminary analyses of the data showed a general sex based difference in hair cortisol concentrations (females lower than males; t = 3.16, df = 317, P=0.002). Among females, the presence of nursing foals was accompanied by an increase in hair cortisol (z = 2.93, df =140, P = 0.003); however, no significant difference was found in hair cortisol concentrations based on sex of the foal (t = -0.06, df = 82, P = 0.95). Horses in poor body condition tended to have higher hair cortisol than those in good or excellent condition (slope= -0.203, df = 312, P = 0.003). We also observed an increased concentration of hair cortisol as horses increased in age from 3-6 or entered into reproductive maturity. Adult male dominant band stallions did not have significantly less cortisol than bachelors or subordinate stallions but these three groups were significantly greater than young males (aged 3 and 4) who generally do not challenge the older males for reproductive opportunities.
Additionally, we looked at hair testosterone concentrations for n=46 males. Testosterone is known to influence traits and behaviours that enhance sexual selection. Often there is an inverse relationship between cortisol levels and testosterone; in particular, being able to maintain high testosterone and not have elevated cortisol related to the metabolic costs of sexual trait production ensures that traits or behaviours honestly signal the quality of the individual. For this reason we’d expect to see band stallions (those males in a position to mate) have a lower value in the ratio Cortisol: Testosterone. Early indications suggest we see this phenomenon in feral horses.
As a relatively new approach in wildlife research, the use of hair hormone analysis shows promise in contributing to our understanding of physiological aspects of sexual selection and other processes. Additionally, hair hormone analysis may have applications in advancing knowledge of animal husbandry and in particular, welfare. |
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Corporate Author |
Medill, S.A. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5870 |
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Author |
Kaseda, Y.; Khalil, A.M. |
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Title |
Harem size and reproductive success of stallions in Misaki feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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47 |
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3-4 |
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163-173 |
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Harem size; Horse social organization; Reproduction; Blood types; Misaki feral horse |
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Abstract |
Over a 16-year period (1979-1994), long-term investigations were carried out on 14 Misaki feral stallions to analyze changes in harem size and the reproductive success. Harem size changed with the age of the stallions. Most stallions formed harem groups with four to five mares at the age of 4-6 and then the number of mares increased rapidly to the maximum at the age of 6-9 years. Thereafter, harem size decreased gradually to a minimum with advancing age. The harem size of 60 stable harem groups ranged from 1 to 9, and the average varied from a minimum mean of 1.8 in 1988 to a maximum mean of 5.3 in 1982. Mean harem size increased as adult sex ratio increased and a significant and positive correlation was found between them. One hundred and ninety-eight sire-foal pairs were determined by a paternity test with blood types and consort relations between stallions and mares during the study period. Out of 99 foals which were born in the stable harem groups, the true sires of 84 foals (85%) were the harem stallions in which the foals were born but the remaining 15 foals (15%) were sired by other harem stallions. Two out of three stallions which were studied throughout their lifetime produced 24 and 25 foals in 10 and 11 years of their reproductive lifespan, respectively. Another one produced only five foals in 6 years. The number of foals sired by the harem stallions was less than two over harem size 7 and some of the foals born in the harem were sired by other harem stallions. These results suggest that if a particular stallion monopolizes too many mares, he could not sire so many offspring because he could not always prevent his rival stallions from mating with his mares in wild or feral circumstances. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2308 |
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