| Records |
| Author |
Atwill, E.R.; Mohammed, H.O.; Lopez, J.W. |
Title  |
Evaluation of travel and use as a risk factor for seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses of New York state |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
| Volume |
57 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
272-277 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; *Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; New York/epidemiology; Probability; Random Allocation; Risk Factors; *Travel |
| Abstract |
OBJECTIVES--To determine whether mean annual frequency and destination of equine travel was associated with exposure to Ehrlichia risticii and whether these associations were modified by horses' place of residence. DESIGN--Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION--511 equine operations containing 2,587 horses were visited in New York state from a target population of 39,000 operations. PROCEDURE--Each horse was tested for serum antibodies against E risticii, using indirect fluorescent antibody. Information on the horse's travel history, farm's management practices, and surrounding ecology was obtained by personal interview and resource maps. Statistical analyses were performed on 2 cohorts of animals: all horses enrolled in the study and horses born on the property or that resided at least 4 years on the farm. Three county-based risk regions (RR) were identified by use of cluster analysis. RESULTS--Mean seroprevalence for each of the 3 RR was 2.4 (low risk), 8.5 (moderate risk), and 18.5% (high risk) for cohort 1 and 2.5, 8.0, and 18.4% for cohort 2. Among cohorts 1 and 2, pleasure riding and breeding trips were associated with exposure to E risticii, but horse residence (low, moderate, or high RR) was an effect modifier for these associations. Among cohort 1 and stratifying the analysis according to the RR for the travel destination, trail riding at low RR and trail riding at high RR were associated with exposure. Among cohort 2 and stratifying the analysis according to the RR for the travel destination, breeding trips were associated with exposure, and strong effect modification was present for horse residence (low, moderate, or high RR). CONCLUSIONS--Only certain types of travel to specific RR were associated with higher risk of exposure to E risticii. In many instances, travel was not associated, or was associated, with a reduced risk of exposure. |
| Address |
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0002-9645 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8669754 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2658 |
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| Author |
Donnelly, J.; Phipps, L.P.; Watkins, K.L. |
| Title |
Evidence of maternal antibodies to Babesia equi and B caballi in foals of seropositive mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
126-128 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Antibodies/*analysis; Babesia/*immunology; Complement Fixation Tests; Female; Horses/*immunology; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Male; Time Factors |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0425-1644 |
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| Notes |
PMID:7084196 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2280 |
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| Author |
Macfadden, B.J. |
| Title |
Evolution. Fossil horses--evidence for evolution |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
307 |
Issue |
5716 |
Pages |
1728-1730 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Body Size; DNA, Mitochondrial; Diet; *Equidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics; *Evolution; Feeding Behavior; *Fossils; *Horses/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics; Paleodontology; Phylogeny; Time; Tooth/anatomy & histology |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. bmacfadd@flmnh.ufl.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1095-9203 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15774746 |
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no |
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Serial |
1892 |
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| Author |
Verheyen, K.; Price, J.; Lanyon, L.; Wood, J. |
| Title |
Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Bone |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bone |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1322-1330 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; England; Exertion; Female; Fractures, Bone/etiology/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*etiology; Horses/*injuries; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/methods; Poisson Distribution; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Running/injuries/physiology |
| Abstract |
In order to gain insight into those training regimens that can minimise the risk of fracture in athletic populations, we conducted a large epidemiological study in racehorses. Thoroughbred racehorses provide a suitable model for studying fracture development and exercise-related risk factors in physically active populations. They represent a homogeneous population, undertaking intensive exercise programmes that are sufficiently heterogeneous to determine those factors that influence injury risk. Daily exercise information was recorded for a cohort of 1178 thoroughbreds that were monitored for up to 2 years. A total of 148 exercise-induced fractures occurred in the study population. Results from a nested case-control study showed a strong interactive effect of exercise distances at different speeds on fracture risk. Horses that exceeded 44 km at canter (< or =14 m/s) and 6 km at gallop (>14 m/s) in a 30-day period were at particularly increased risk of fracture. These distances equate to ca. 7700 bone loading cycles at canter and 880 loading cycles at gallop. Fifty-six fractures occurred in the subset of study horses that were followed since entering training as yearlings, when skeletally immature (n = 335). Cohort analysis of this data set showed that, in previously untrained bones, accumulation of canter exercise increased the risk of fracture (P < or = 0.01), whereas accumulation of high-speed gallop exercise had a protective effect (P < 0.01). However, increasing distances at canter and gallop in short time periods (up to one month) were associated with an increasing fracture risk. All training exercise involves a balance between the risk of fracture inherent in exposure to loading and the beneficial effect that loading has by stimulating bone cells to produce a more robust architecture. Results from our study provide important epidemiological evidence of the effects of physical exercise on bone adaptation and injury risk and can be used to inform the design of safer exercise regimens in physically active populations. |
| Address |
Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom. kverheyen@rvc.ac.uk |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
8756-3282 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:16926125 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4030 |
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| Author |
Art, T.; Lekeux, P. |
| Title |
Exercise-induced physiological adjustments to stressful conditions in sports horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Livestock Production Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adaptability of sport horses to stressful conditions |
| Volume |
92 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
101-111 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Exercise; Stress |
| Abstract |
Among athletic/sports animals, the horse has a unique ability to increase its oxygen uptake by a factor of 60 during heavy exercise. This is achieved by physiological adaptations of all the links in the oxygen chain. Ventilation is increased by a factor of 30. Since the horse is a compulsory nasal breather, this hyperpnea necessitates high transmural pressure changes, which may be responsible for the dynamic collapse of the airways. Blood flow is increased by a factor of 10. Since the left ventricle is not very compliant, this increase necessitates a high filling pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which may induce capillary stress failure and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Lastly, oxygen transport is improved by splenic contraction which increases haemoglobinemia by 50%. Sports horses frequently suffer from several problems, which are related either to endogenous or exogenous stresses experienced during their career. These stresses, caused by the use of the horse as a competition animal, may lead to several medical problems. At a systemic level, endogenous stresses include hyperkaliemia, lactacidemia, and hyperthermia; oxidative stress may induce problems at a general, and/or a pulmonary level. External factors, e.g. poor quality of inspired air, transport, hot and humid ambient conditions, and microbiological agents, may also induce abnormal body attacks, and lead to health problems. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3667 |
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| Author |
Boray, J.C. |
| Title |
Experimental fascioliasis in Australia |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Advances in Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Parasitol |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
95-210 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Australia; Cattle; *Cattle Diseases/pathology; Climate; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; Electron Transport; Estivation; Fasciola hepatica/enzymology/*growth & development/metabolism/physiology; Fascioliasis/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/veterinary; Glycolysis; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Larva/growth & development/physiology; Marsupialia; Metamorphosis, Biological; Mice; New Guinea; New Zealand; Parasite Egg Count; Rats; Seasons; Sheep; *Sheep Diseases/pathology |
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English |
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0065-308X |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:4935272 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2744 |
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| Author |
Wolff, A.; Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N. |
| Title |
Experimental tests to assess emotionality in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
209-221 |
| Keywords |
Emotivity; Gregariousness; Horse; Neophobia; Open-field |
| Abstract |
Different tests were used to assess different aspects of the emotionality of 1-3 year-old horses: arena test; a [`]novel object' test; and a handling test. In reaction to the test situations no important differences were observed according to age or sex in the behaviour patterns, but clear individual differences were observed within these classes. The arena test seemed to reveal the degree of gregariousness of the animals whereas the results in the two other tests were correlated and seemed to reflect an inherent degree of fearfulness in the horse. Indices were developed that enabled to rank the animals, by taking into account all behaviour patterns shown. Such individual characteristics might have some genetic basis: half-siblings tended to behave the same way in most cases. |
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0376-6357 |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5018 |
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| Author |
Fureix, C.; Bourjade, M.; Henry, S.; Sankey, C.; Hausberger, M. |
| Title |
Exploring aggression regulation in managed groups of horses Equus caballus |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
138 |
Issue |
3–4 |
Pages |
216-228 |
| Keywords |
Horses; Social behaviour; Aggression regulation; Coping in group; Management; Social development |
| Abstract |
Horses are highly social animals that have evolved to live in social groups. However, in modern husbandry systems, single housing prevails where horses experience social isolation, a challenge-to-welfare factor. One major reason for this single housing is the owners’ concerns that horses may injure each other during aggressive encounters. However, in natural conditions, serious injuries due to aggressive encounters are rare. What could therefore explain the claimed risks of group living for domestic horses? Basing our questioning on the current knowledge of the social life of horses in natural conditions, we review different practices that may lead to higher levels of aggression in horses and propose practical solutions. Observations of natural and feral horses mostly indicate a predominance of low frequencies and mild forms of aggression, based on subtle communication signals and ritualized displays and made possible by group stability (i.e. stable composition), dominance hierarchy and learning of appropriate social skills by young horses. Obviously, adults play a major role here in canalizing undesirable behaviours, and social experience during development, associated with a diversity of social partners, seems to be a prerequisite for the young horse to become socially skilled. Given the natural propensity of horses to have a regulation of aggression in groups, the tendency to display more aggression in groups of domestic horses under some management practices seems clearly related to the conditions offered. We therefore review the managing practices that could trigger aggressiveness in horses. Non social practices (space, resource availability) and social practices (group size, stability of membership, composition and opportunities for social experiences during development) in groups of domestic horses are discussed here. Finally, we propose simple practical solutions leading to more peaceful interactions in groups of domestic horses, based on the knowledge of horses’ natural social life which therefore should be enhanced (e.g. ensuring roughage availability, favouring group stability, introducing socially experienced adults in groups of young horses, etc.). The state of the art indicates that many questions still need to be answered. Given the importance of the associated welfare issues and the consequences on the use of horses, further research is required, which could benefit horses… and humans. |
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0168-1591 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5648 |
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| Author |
Gonzalez-Fernandez, J.M.; Atta, S.E. |
| Title |
Facilitated transport of oxygen in the presence of membranes in the diffusion path |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Biophysical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biophys J |
| Volume |
38 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
133-141 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane/*metabolism; Diffusion; Dogs; Horses; Humans; Kinetics; Mathematics; *Models, Biological; Muscles/*metabolism; Oxygen/*metabolism |
| Abstract |
Most of the experimental observations on facilitated transport have been done with millipore filters, and all the theoretical studies have assumed homogeneous spatial properties. In striated muscle there exist membranes that may impede the diffusion of the carrier myoglobin. In this paper a theoretical study is undertaken to analyze the transport in the presence of membranes in the diffusion path. For the numerical computations physiologically relevant values of the parameters were chosen. The numerical results indicate that the presence of membranes tends to decrease the facilitation. For the nonlinear chemical kinetics of the reaction of oxygen with the carrier, this decrement also depends on the location of the membranes. At the higher oxygen concentration side of each membrane the flow of combined oxygen is transferred to the flow of dissolved oxygen. The reverse process occurs at the lower concentration side. Jump discontinuities of the concentration of the oxygen-carrier compound at each membrane are associated with these transfers. The decrement of facilitation is due to the cumulative effect of these jump discontinuities. |
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English |
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0006-3495 |
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| Notes |
PMID:7093418 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3806 |
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| Author |
Alexander, F. |
| Title |
Factors affecting the blood sugar concentration in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1955 |
Publication |
Quarterly journal of experimental physiology and cognate medical sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
24-31 |
| Keywords |
Blood Glucose/*analysis; *Horses; *BLOOD SUGAR/determination; *Horses |
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English |
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0033-5541 |
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PMID:14371987 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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123 |
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