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| Author | Clayton, N.S. | ||||
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COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5682 | Pages | 344- |
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1099512 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2955 | ||
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| Author | Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title |
Chimpanzees are more skilful in competitive than in cooperative cognitive tasks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 571-581 |
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| Abstract | In a series of four experiments, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, were given two cognitive tasks, an object choice task and a discrimination task (based on location), each in the context of either cooperation or competition. In both tasks chimpanzees performed more skilfully when competing than when cooperating, with some evidence that competition with conspecifics was especially facilitatory in the discrimination location task. This is the first study to demonstrate a facilitative cognitive effect for competition in a single experimental paradigm. We suggest that chimpanzee cognitive evolution is best understood in its socioecological context. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 584 | ||
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| Author | Hieshima, K.; Kawasaki, Y.; Hanamoto, H.; Nakayama, T.; Nagakubo, D.; Kanamaru, A.; Yoshie, O. | ||||
| Title |
CC Chemokine Ligands 25 and 28 Play Essential Roles in Intestinal Extravasation of IgA Antibody-Secreting Cells | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The Journal of Immunology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 173 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 3668-3675 |
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| Abstract | CCL25 (also known as thymus-expressed chemokine) and CCL28 (also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine) play important roles in mucosal immunity by recruiting IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) into mucosal lamina propria. However, their exact roles in vivo still remain to be defined. In this study, we first demonstrated in mice that IgA ASCs in small intestine expressed CCR9, CCR10, and CXCR4 on the cell surface and migrated to their respective ligands CCL25, CCL28, and CXCL12 (also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1), whereas IgA ASCs in colon mainly expressed CCR10 and CXCR4 and migrated to CCL28 and CXCL12. Reciprocally, the epithelial cells of small intestine were immunologically positive for CCL25 and CCL28, whereas those of colon were positive for CCL28 and CXCL12. Furthermore, the venular endothelial cells in small intestine were positive for CCL25 and CCL28, whereas those in colon were positive for CCL28, suggesting their direct roles in extravasation of IgA ASCs. Consistently, in mice orally immunized with cholera toxin (CT), anti-CCL25 suppressed homing of CT-specific IgA ASCs into small intestine, whereas anti-CCL28 suppressed homing of CT-specific IgA ASCs into both small intestine and colon. Reciprocally, CT-specific ASCs and IgA titers in the blood were increased in mice treated with anti-CCL25 or anti-CCL28. Anti-CXCL12 had no such effects. Finally, both CCL25 and CCL28 were capable of enhancing α4 integrin-dependent adhesion of IgA ASCs to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and VCAM-1. Collectively, CCL25 and CCL28 play essential roles in intestinal homing of IgA ASCs primarily by mediating their extravasation into intestinal lamina propria. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3668 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6011 | ||
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| Author | Pinchbeck, G.L.; Clegg, P.D.; Proudman, C.J.; Morgan, K.L.; French, N.P. | ||||
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Case-control investigation of the factors affecting the risk of horses falling during steeplechase racing in the UK | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The Veterinary Record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
| Volume | 155 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 11-15 |
| Keywords | Accidental Falls/*prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animals; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary; Case-Control Studies; England/epidemiology; Horses/*injuries; Risk Factors; Running/*injuries | ||||
| Abstract | A concurrent case-control study of 12 UK racecourses was made between March 1, 2000, and August 31, 2001, to identify and quantify the factors associated with the risk of horses falling in steeplechase races. Cases were defined as a jumping effort at a steeplechase fence that resulted in a fall and controls were defined as a successful jumping effort over any steeplechase fence at any of the 12 racecourses within 14 days before or after the case fall. Information on the horse, the jockey and the race were collected and all the fences on all the courses were surveyed. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between the predictor variables and the risk of falling. There was one fall per 254 jumping efforts. The risk of a horse falling decreased the more times it had raced on a particular racecourse. The number of fences, the distance from the previous fence and the nature of the previous fence also affected the risk of falling. If the previous fence was a water jump the risk of falling increased; fences that were sited on flat or slight uphill gradients (up to approximately 1 in 25) were associated with a lower risk of horses falling than downhill fences, and higher takeoff boards were associated with a higher risk of falling. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15264483 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3773 | ||
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| Author | Geisbauer, G.; Griebel, U.; Schmid, A.; Timney, B | ||||
| Title |
Brightness discrimination and neutral point | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Canadian Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | Can. J. Zool |
| Volume | 82 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 660-670 |
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| Abstract | Abstract: Equine brightness discrimination ability and color discrimination were measured using a two-choice discrimination task. Two Haflinger horses (Equus caballus L., 1758) were trained to discriminate 30 different shades of grey varying from low to high relative brightness. Their ability to distinguish shades of grey was poor, with calculated Weber fractions of 0.42 and 0.45. In addition, a “neutral point” test to determine the dimensionality of color vision was carried out. Three hues of blue-green were tested versus a range of grey targets with brightnesses similar to those of the blue-green targets. A neutral point was found at about 480 nm. Thus, we can conclude that horses possess dichromatic color vision. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3649 | ||
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| Author | Lefebvre, L.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D. | ||||
| Title |
Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Brain, Behavior and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Brain. Behav. Evol. |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 233-246 |
| Keywords | Innovation W Brain evolution W Hyperstriatum ventrale W Neostriatum W Isocortex W Birds W Primates W Tool use W Invasion biology | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract Several comparative research programs have focusedon the cognitive, life history and ecological traits thataccount for variation in brain size. We review one ofthese programs, a program that uses the reported frequencyof behavioral innovation as an operational measureof cognition. In both birds and primates, innovationrate is positively correlated with the relative size of associationareas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale andneostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum inprimates. Innovation rate is also positively correlatedwith the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well asinterspecific differences in learning. Some features ofcognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar wayin primates and at least six phyletically-independent avianlineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated withthe ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in theenvironment and to establish themselves in new regions,and it also appears to be related to the rate atwhich lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a usefultool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognitionand to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution ofthe brain. |
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| ISSN | 0006-8977 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4738 | ||
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| Author | Pack, A. A.; Herman, L. M. | ||||
| Title |
Bottlenosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Comprehend the Referent of Both Static and Dynamic Human Gazing and Pointing in an Object-Choice Task. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 118 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 160-171 |
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| Abstract | The authors tested 2 bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) for their understanding of human-directed gazing or pointing in a 2-alternative object-choice task. A dolphin watched a human informant either gazing at or pointing toward 1 of 2 laterally placed objects and was required to perform a previously indicated action to that object. Both static and dynamic gaze, as well as static and dynamic direct points and cross-body points, yielded errorless or nearly errorless performance. Gaze with the informant's torso obscured (only the head was shown) produced no performance decrement, but gaze with eyes only resulted in chance performance. The results revealed spontaneous understanding of human gaze accomplished through head orientation, with or without the human informant's eyes obscured, and demonstrated that gaze-directed cues were as effective as point-directed cues in the object-choice task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4976 | ||
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| Author | Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title |
Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes' behavior from humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 216-223 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Face; Facial Expression; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; Male; *Nonverbal Communication; *Orientation; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology; *Posture; Social Perception; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | A number of animal species have evolved the cognitive ability to detect when they are being watched by other individuals. Precisely what kind of information they use to make this determination is unknown. There is particular controversy in the case of the great apes because different studies report conflicting results. In experiment 1, we presented chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos with a situation in which they had to request food from a human observer who was in one of various attentional states. She either stared at the ape, faced the ape with her eyes closed, sat with her back towards the ape, or left the room. In experiment 2, we systematically crossed the observer's body and face orientation so that the observer could have her body and/or face oriented either towards or away from the subject. Results indicated that apes produced more behaviors when they were being watched. They did this not only on the basis of whether they could see the experimenter as a whole, but they were sensitive to her body and face orientation separately. These results suggest that body and face orientation encode two different types of information. Whereas face orientation encodes the observer's perceptual access, body orientation encodes the observer's disposition to transfer food. In contrast to the results on body and face orientation, only two of the tested subjects responded to the state of the observer's eyes. | ||||
| Address | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Plaz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. kaminski@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15034765 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2538 | ||
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| Author | Sih, A.; Bell, A.; Johnson, J.C. | ||||
| Title |
Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume | 19 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 372-378 |
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| Abstract | Recent studies suggest that populations and species often exhibit behavioral syndromes; that is, suites of correlated behaviors across situations. An example is an aggression syndrome where some individuals are more aggressive, whereas others are less aggressive across a range of situations and contexts. The existence of behavioral syndromes focuses the attention of behavioral ecologists on limited (less than optimal) behavioral plasticity and behavioral carryovers across situations, rather than on optimal plasticity in each isolated situation. Behavioral syndromes can explain behaviors that appear strikingly non-adaptive in an isolated context (e.g. inappropriately high activity when predators are present, or excessive sexual cannibalism). Behavioral syndromes can also help to explain the maintenance of individual variation in behavioral types, a phenomenon that is ubiquitous, but often ignored. Recent studies suggest that the behavioral type of an individual, population or species can have important ecological and evolutionary implications, including major effects on species distributions, on the relative tendencies of species to be invasive or to respond well to environmental change, and on speciation rates. Although most studies of behavioral syndromes to date have focused on a few organisms, mainly in the laboratory, further work on other species, particularly in the field, should yield numerous new insights. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2185 | ||
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| Author | RHO, J.R.; SRYGLEY, R.B.; CHOE, J.C. | ||||
| Title |
Behavioral ecology of the Jeju pony (Equus caballus): Effects of maternal age, maternal dominance hierarchy and foal age on mare aggression | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Ecological Research | Abbreviated Journal | Ecol. Res. |
| Volume | 19 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 55-63 |
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| Abstract | On Jeju Island, Korea, dominance hierarchy and maternal care according to maternal age were studied in a herd of Jeju ponies (Equus caballus), consisting of 73 mares, their foals and one stallion. Dominance ranks were nearly linear and increased significantly with the age of mares. Most aggressive encounters involved mares under 5 years old. Mares under the age of 5 years have apparently not established their rank. The mean frequency of aggressive actions of mares per hour increased significantly as the day of parturition approached. Aggressive actions of mares with foals decreased significantly as their foals aged. The overall frequency of aggression of mares with foals also decreased significantly with the age of the mares. Our results suggest that the cost of maternal care is lower for older, more dominant mares than for subordinate ones. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 459 | ||
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