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Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title  |
Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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23 |
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3 |
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501-526 |
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Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3398 |
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Bourlière, F. |
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Title |
Primate communities: Their structure and role in tropical ecosystems |
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Journal Article |
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1985 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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6 |
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1 |
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1-26 |
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The structure of primate communities living in a number of undisturbed areas is described and compared. Species richness is highest in tropical rain forests of Africa and South America, where up to 14 different species can share the same habitat. The number of sympatric primates in woodlands and savannas is always much lower. Some striking differences in community structure may be observed between communities living in apparently similar habitats. Three major factors may be held responsible for such discrepancies: history and paleoecology, present spatial heterogeneity of the vegetation, and competition with other taxonomic groups. The role of primates in the functioning of forest ecosystems is discussed. Though their trophic impact may be important, the role they play in seed dispersal appears to be more significant; they contribute greatly to homeostasis, as well as to regeneration, of the rain forests. A number of ecological traits are particularly developed among primates and may have contributed to the rapid evolutionary success of the order. Their predominantly vegetarian diet allows them to build up higher population densities than sympatric carnivorous mammals;their arborealism permits them to make use of all edible plant material available in a tridimensional environment; the opportunistic tendencies of some cebids, cercopithecids, and pongids enable them to take advantage of a variety of habitats and situations; and finally, an extended socialization period and a long life-span, allowing them to develop social traditions, give to many of them a further possibility to adapt quickly to novel situations. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4251 |
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Reader, S.; Laland, K. |
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Title |
Primate Innovation: Sex, Age and Social Rank Differences |
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2001 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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22 |
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5 |
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787-805 |
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Analysis of an exhaustive survey of primate behavior collated from the published literature revealed significant variation in rates of innovation among individuals of different sex, age and social rank. We searched approximately 1,000 articles in four primatology journals, together with other relevant databases, for examples of innovation. The reported incidence of innovation is higher in males and adults, and lower in females and nonadults, than would be expected by chance given the estimated relative proportions of these groups. Amongst chimpanzees, the only species for which there are sufficient data to consider alone, there is a similar sex difference in the propensity to innovate, but no effect of age. Chimpanzees of low social rank are reported as innovators more frequently than high-ranking chimpanzees are. Male chimpanzees innovate more often than females in sexual, courtship, mating and display contexts; that is, in contexts likely to increase access to mates. The largest number of recorded observations are in the foraging context, wherein contrary to expectations, there is no evidence for female chimpanzees exhibiting more innovation than males. The study is the first extensive investigation of behavioral innovation in primates and provides evidence that much individual variation in the propensity to innovate can be explained in terms of sex, age, and social rank. |
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2152 |
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Author |
Alexander, B.K.; Bowers, J.M. |
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Title |
Social organization of a troop of Japanese monkeys in a two-acre enclosure |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1969 |
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Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
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Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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10 |
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3 |
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230-242 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Haplorhini; Leadership; *Social Behavior |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:4976202 |
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2055 |
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de Waal, F.B.; Luttrell, L.M. |
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The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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1986 |
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Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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46 |
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4 |
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215-234 |
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Aggression; Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Grooming; *Group Processes; Macaca/*physiology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; *Object Attachment |
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Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion. |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:3557225 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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211 |
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Sterling, E.J.; Povinelli, D.J. |
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Tool use, aye-ayes, and sensorimotor intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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70 |
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1 |
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8-16 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Intelligence; Male; Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Strepsirhini/*physiology/psychology |
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Humans, chimpanzees, capuchins and aye-ayes all display an unusually high degree of encephalization and diverse omnivorous extractive foraging. It has been suggested that the high degree of encephalization in aye-ayes may be the result of their diverse, omnivorous extractive foraging behaviors. In combination with certain forms of tool use, omnivorous extractive foraging has been hypothesized to be linked to higher levels of sensorimotor intelligence (stages 5 or 6). Although free-ranging aye-ayes have not been observed to use tools directly in the context of their extractive foraging activities, they have recently been reported to use lianas as tools in a manner that independently suggests that they may possess stage 5 or 6 sensorimotor intelligence. Although other primate species which display diverse, omnivorous extractive foraging have been tested for sensorimotor intelligence, aye-ayes have not. We report a test of captive aye-ayes' comprehension of tool use in a situation designed to simulate natural conditions. The results support the view that aye-ayes do not achieve stage 6 comprehension of tool use, but rather may use trial-and-error learning to develop tool-use behaviors. Other theories for aye-aye encephalization are considered. |
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Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Gottingen, Germany |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:10050062 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4178 |
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Noë, R.; de Waal, F.B.; van Hooff, J.A. |
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Title |
Types of dominance in a chimpanzee colony |
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Journal Article |
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1980 |
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Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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34 |
Issue |
1-2 |
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90-110 |
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Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Animals, Zoo; *Behavior, Animal; Competitive Behavior; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Social Dominance |
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This study examines to what extent the concept of dominance can be used to describe the social structure of a group of semi-free-living chimpanzees. 15 behavioural variables, based on agonistic, competitive and affinitive behaviour patterns, have been compared with respect to the interindividual directions in which they occurred. In this analysis use was made of indices that reflect the position an individual occupies in the relationship structure. These indices were calculated per individual for all variables and subjected to factor analysis and cluster analysis. As a result, 13 of the variables could be grouped in three categories which have been labelled: (1) agonistic dominance; (2) bluff dominance, and (3) competitive dominance. Whereas the top positions in the hierarchies based on the first two closely related types of dominance were occupied by the adult males, the hierarchy based on the third type was headed by several adult females. |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:7439873 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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212 |
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