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Author Tavares M.C.H.; Tomaz C. doi  openurl
  Title (down) Working memory in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Behavioural Brain Research Abbreviated Journal Behav. Brain. Res.  
  Volume 131 Issue Pages 131-137  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3486  
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Author Krzak, W.E.; Gonyou, H.W.; Lawrence, L.M. openurl 
  Title (down) Wood chewing by stabled horses: diurnal pattern and effects of exercise Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 69 Issue 3 Pages 1053-1058  
  Keywords Animal Feed; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Circadian Rhythm; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; *Mastication; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage; Videotape Recording; Wood  
  Abstract Nine yearling horses, stabled in individual stalls, were used in a trial to determine the diurnal pattern of wood chewing and the effects of exercise on this behavior. The trial was a Latin square design conducted over three 2-wk periods during which each horse was exposed to each of the three following treatments: 1) no exercise (NE), 2) exercise after the morning feeding (AM), and 3) exercise in the afternoon (PM). Horses were fed a complete pelleted feed in the morning and both pelleted feed and long-stemmed hay in the afternoon. Exercise consisted of 45 min on a mechanical walker followed by 45 min in a paddock with bare soil. Each stall was equipped with two untreated spruce boards during each period for wood chewing. Wood chewing was evaluated by videotaping each horse for 22 h during each period, determining the weight and volume of the boards before and after each period, and by visual appraisal of the boards. Intake of trace mineralized salt was also measured. Wood chewing occurred primarily between 2200 and 1200. All measures of wood chewing were correlated when totals for the entire 6 wk were analyzed. When analysis was performed on 2-wk values, videotape results were not correlated with volume or weight loss of boards. Horses chewed more when on the NE treatment (511 s/d) than when on AM or PM (57 and 136 s/d, respectively; P less than .05). Salt intake tended to be greater for NE than for the other treatments (P less than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  
  Address Dept. of Anim. Sci., University of Illinois, Urbana 61801  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:2061237 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1949  
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Author Ruid, D.B.; Paul, W.J.; Roell, B.J.; Wydeven, A.P.; Willging, R.C.; Jurewicz, R.L.; Lonsway, D.H. url  doi
isbn  openurl
  Title (down) Wolf-Human Conflicts and Management in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan Type Book Chapter
  Year 2009 Publication Recovery of Gray Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States: An Endangered Species Success Story Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 279-295  
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  Publisher Springer New York Place of Publication New York, NY Editor Wydeven, A.P.; Van Deelen, T.R.; Heske, E.J.  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-0-387-85952-1 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Ruid2009 Serial 6577  
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Author van Duyne, C.; Ras, E.; de Vos, A.E.W.; de Boer, W.F.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.; Usukhjargal, D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Wolf Predation Among Reintroduced Przewalski Horses in Hustai National Park, Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Journal of Wildlife Management Abbreviated Journal Journal of Wildlife Management  
  Volume 73 Issue 6 Pages 836-843  
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  Publisher The Wildlife Society Place of Publication Editor  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-541x ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes doi: 10.2193/2008-027 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5776  
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Author Harrington, F.H.; Mech, L.D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance Type Journal Article
  Year 1979 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 68 Issue Pages  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1979 Serial 6455  
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Author Capitani, C.; Chynoweth, M.; Kusak, J.; Çoban, E.; Sekercioglu, Ç.H. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Wolf diet in an agricultural landscape of north-eastern Turkey Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Mammalia Abbreviated Journal Mammalia  
  Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 329-334  
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  Series Editor Series Title Mammalia Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume 80 Series Issue 3 Edition  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6687  
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Author LANG EM, L.E.H.M.A.N.N.E. von openurl 
  Title (down) Wildesel in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart Type Journal Article
  Year 1972 Publication Zoologische Garten Abbreviated Journal Zool. Garten.  
  Volume 41 Issue Pages 157-167  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1338  
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Author Gonyou, H.W. url  openurl
  Title (down) Why the study of animal behavior is associated with the animal welfare issue Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 2171-2177  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2931  
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Author Hunt, G.R.; Gray R.D.; Taylor, A.H. openurl 
  Title (down) Why is tool use rare in animals? Type Book Whole
  Year 2013 Publication Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge, MA. Editor anz C, Call J, Boesch C  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6658  
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Author Hintze, S.; Smith, S.; Patt, A.; Bachmann, I.; Würbel, H. pdf  openurl
  Title (down) What eye wrinkles in horses tell us about their emotional state Type Conference Article
  Year 2015 Publication Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting Abbreviated Journal Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg  
  Volume Issue Pages  
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  Abstract Wrinkles above the eye ball are common in domestic horses but may differ in number and shape both between and within individuals. They are caused by contraction of the inner eye brow raiser, and some people working with horses call them “worry wrinkles”, considering them to reflect emotional states. However, as yet no study has formally investigated the relationship between eye wrinkles and emotional state in horses.

The aim of the present study was to induce states of different emotional valence and to assess whether positive emotional states would reduce the expression of eye wrinkles while negative emotional states would increase it. Sixteen horses were confronted in a balanced order with two presumably positively and two negatively valenced situations each. Positive situations included anticipation of a food reward (FA) and petting (P), negative situations included food competition (FC) and waving a plastic bag (PB). Each situation lasted for 60s (TRT) and was preceded by a 60s control phase (CON). Throughout CON and TRT pictures of the eyes were taken, and for each horse four pictures per situation (FA, P, FC, PB) and phase (CON and TRT) were randomly selected (n = 512) and scored in random order and blind to treatment for six outcome variables: overall impression (qualitative), number, angle and markedness of eye wrinkles, presence of eye white, and shape of eye lid.

Data were analysed separately for the right and left eye using linear mixed effects models (angle, number), generalised linear mixed models (eye white, markedness), and ordered logistic regression (qualitative, shape of eye lid), with “situation” (FA, P, FC, PB), “phase” (CON, TRT) and their two-way interaction as fixed effects.

Expression of eye wrinkles did not vary consistently across “situation” and “phase”. Independent of phase, eye white appeared less frequently during P than during FA (z=-3.15, p=0.009), FC (z=-2.94, p=0.02), and PB (z=4.17, p<0.001) in the left eye and during PB (z=4.10, p 0.001) in the right eye. Similarly, wrinkles were less marked during P compared to the other situations in the left eye (FA: z=3.15, p=0.009; FC: z=-2.94, p=0.017; PB: z=4.17, p<0.001) and compared to PB in the right eye (z=4.10, p=0.001), while no differences between situations occurred in number of wrinkles, overall impression and shape of eye lid for both eyes. Consistent with our hypothesis, P induced relaxation of the underlying muscle in the right eye resulting in a wider angle compared to its control phase (interaction situation*phase: F3,10=3.71, p=0.055; post-hoc comparison: z=-3.57, p=0.009), while FC induced muscle contraction, resulting in a sharper angle in the left eye (interaction situation*phase: F3,11=6.57, p=0.011; z=3.73, p=0.005).

We conclude that emotional valence may affect characteristics of eye winkle expression in horses which might therefore be a promising indicator of horses’ emotional states, but further research is needed to validate the relevant outcome variables.
 
  Address eye wrinkles, emotional valence, positive and negative emotions, welfare assessment  
  Corporate Author Hintze, S. Thesis  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5875  
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