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Author | Cheung, C.; Akiyama, T.E.; Ward, J.M.; Nicol, C.J.; Feigenbaum, L.; Vinson, C.; Gonzalez, F.J. | ||||
Title | Diminished hepatocellular proliferation in mice humanized for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Cancer research | Abbreviated Journal | Cancer Res |
Volume | 64 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 3849-3854 |
Keywords | Animals; Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology; Carcinogens/pharmacology; Cell Division; DNA Replication/drug effects; Fatty Acids/metabolism; Hepatocytes/cytology/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxisome Proliferators/pharmacology; Pyrimidines/pharmacology; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/*physiology; Species Specificity; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology | ||||
Abstract | Lipid-lowering fibrate drugs function as agonists for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Sustained activation of PPARalpha leads to the development of liver tumors in rats and mice. However, humans appear to be resistant to the induction of peroxisome proliferation and the development of liver cancer by fibrate drugs. The molecular basis of this species difference is not known. To examine the mechanism determining species differences in peroxisome proliferator response between mice and humans, a PPARalpha-humanized mouse line was generated in which the human PPARalpha was expressed in liver under control of the tetracycline responsive regulatory system. The PPARalpha-humanized and wild-type mice responded to treatment with the potent PPARalpha ligand Wy-14643 as revealed by induction of genes encoding peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and resultant decrease of serum triglycerides. However, surprisingly, only the wild-type mice and not the PPARalpha-humanized mice exhibited hepatocellular proliferation as revealed by elevation of cell cycle control genes, increased incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into hepatocyte nuclei, and hepatomegaly. These studies establish that following ligand activation, the PPARalpha-mediated pathways controlling lipid metabolism are independent from those controlling the cell proliferation pathways. These findings also suggest that structural differences between human and mouse PPARalpha are responsible for the differential susceptibility to the development of hepatocarcinomas observed after treatment with fibrates. The PPARalpha-humanized mice should serve as models for use in drug development and human risk assessment and to determine the mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis of peroxisome proliferators. | ||||
Address | Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0008-5472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15172993 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 74 | ||
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Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
Title | Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 327-334 | |
Keywords | Schritt – Trab – Galopp – Schmerz – Schäden | ||||
Abstract | Die Bewegungen von Rumpf und Rücken des Pferdes in der Fortbewegung bestimmen Sitz und Schenkelhilfen – Grundlagen pferdgerechten und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens. In ihrer Tendenz ließen sich diese Bewegungen jetzt aus den Fußfolgen der Grundgangarten ableiten. Die Erkenntnisse sind per Video verifiziert. Mit ihrer Übersetzung in Diagramme wurde versucht, den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand für nicht-reitende Wissenschaftler und denkende Reiter gleichermaßen verständlich darzustellen. Die Akzeptanz des aufbereiteten Wissens in der Reiterei würde verbessert, wenn man zu gemessenen Werten für die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes käme. Plädoyer eines “Nur-Reiters” für einschlägige, universitäre Forschung. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 420 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | Development, direction, and damage limitation: social learning in domestic fowl | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication | Abbreviated Journal | Learn Behav |
Volume | 32 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 72-81 |
Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Chickens; *Feeding Behavior; *Food Preferences; *Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); *Learning; Maternal Behavior; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Environment; *Social Facilitation | ||||
Abstract | This review highlights two areas of particular interest in the study of social learning in fowl. First, the role of social learning in the development of feeding and foraging behavior in young chicks and older birds is described. The role of the hen as a demonstrator and possible teacher is considered, and the subsequent social influence of brood mates and other companions on food avoidance and food preference learning is discussed. Second, the way in which work on domestic fowl has contributed to an understanding of the importance of directed social learning is examined. The well-characterized hierarchical social organization of small chicken flocks has been used to design studies which demonstrate that the probability of social transmission is strongly influenced by social relationships between birds. The practical implications of understanding the role of social learning in the spread of injurious behaviors in this economically important species are briefly considered. | ||||
Address | Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, England. c.j.nicol@bristol.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1543-4494 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15161142 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 75 | ||
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Author | Rollot, Y.; Lecuyer, E.; Chateau, H.; Crevier-Denoix, N. | ||||
Title | Development of a 3D model of the equine distal forelimb and of a GRF shoe for noninvasive determination of in vivo tendon and ligament loads and strains | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
Volume | 36 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 677-682 |
Keywords | Animals; Biomechanics; Floors and Floorcoverings; Forelimb/*physiology/ultrasonography; Gait/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods/*veterinary; Ligaments, Articular/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Models, Biological; Shoes; Tendons/*physiology; Toe Joint/physiology/ultrasonography | ||||
Abstract | REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: As critical locomotion events (e.g. high-speed and impacts during racing, jump landing) may contribute to tendinopathies, in vivo recording of gaits kinematic and dynamic parameters is essential for 3D reconstruction and analysis. OBJECTIVE: To propose a 3D model of the forelimb and a ground reaction force recording shoe (GRF-S) for noninvasively quantifying tendon and ligament loads and strains. METHODS: Bony segments trajectories of forelimbs placed under a power press were recorded using triads of ultrasonic kinematic markers linked to the bones. Compression cycles (from 500-6000 N) were applied for different hoof orientations. Locations of tendon and ligament insertions were recorded with regard to the triads. The GRF-S recorded GRF over the hoof wall and used four 3-axis force sensors sandwiched between a support shoe and the shoe to be tested. RESULTS: Validation of the model by comparing calculated and measured superficial digital flexor tendon strains, and evaluation of the role of proximal interphalangeal joint in straight sesamoidean ligament and oblique sesamoidean ligament strains, were successfully achieved. Objective comparisons of the 3 components of GRF over the hoof for soft and hard grounds could be recorded, where the s.d. of GRF norm was more important on hard ground at walk and trot. CONCLUSIONS: Soft grounds (sand and rubber) dissipate energy by lowering GRF amplitude and diminish bounces and vibrations at impact. At comparable speed, stance phase was longer on soft sand ground. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The conjugate use of the GRF-S and the numerical model would help to quantify and analyse ground/shoe combination on comfort, propulsion efficiency or lameness recovery. | ||||
Address | UMR INRA-ENVA de Biomecanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 7, Avenue du General de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15656495 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3769 | ||
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Author | Witte, T.H.; Knill, K.; Wilson, A.M. | ||||
Title | Determination of peak vertical ground reaction force from duty factor in the horse (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | The Journal of Experimental Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Biol |
Volume | 207 | Issue | Pt 21 | Pages | 3639-3648 |
Keywords | *Acceleration; Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/physiology; *Gait; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Telemetry; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Measurement of peak vertical ground reaction force (GRFz) from multiple limbs simultaneously during high-speed, over-ground locomotion would enhance our understanding of the locomotor mechanics of cursorial animals. Here, we evaluate the accuracy of predicting peak GRFz from duty factor (the proportion of the stride for which the limb is in contact with the ground). Foot-mounted uniaxial accelerometers, combined with UHF FM telemetry, are shown to be practical and accurate for the field measurement of stride timing variables, including duty factor. Direct comparison with the force plate produces a mean error of 2.3 ms and 3.5 ms for the timing of foot on and foot off, respectively, across all gaits. Predictions of peak GRFz from duty factor show mean errors (with positive values indicating an overestimate) of 0.8+/-0.04 N kg(-1) (13%; N=42; mean +/- S.E.M.) at walk, -0.3+/-0.06 N kg(-1) (3%; N=75) at trot, -2.3+/-0.27 N kg(-1) (16%; N=18) for the non-lead limb at canter and +2.1+/-0.7 N kg(-1) (19%; N=9) for the lead limb at canter. The substantial over- and underestimate seen at canter, in the lead and non-lead limbs, respectively, is attributed to the different functions performed by the two limbs in the asymmetrical gaits. The difference in load experienced by the lead and non-lead limbs decreased with increasing speed. | ||||
Address | Structure and Motion Lab, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-0949 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15371472 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3658 | ||
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Author | List, C. | ||||
Title | Democracy in animal groups: a political science perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition) | Abbreviated Journal | Trends Ecol Evol |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 168-169 |
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0169-5347 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:16701250 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5137 | ||
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Author | Griffiths,S. W.; Brockmark, S.; Höjesjö,J.; Johnsson,J. I. | ||||
Title | Coping with divided attention: the advantage of familiarity | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
Volume | 271 | Issue | 1540 | Pages | 695-699 |
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Abstract | The ability of an animal to perform a task successfully is limited by the amount of attention being simultaneously focused on other activities. One way in which individuals might reduce the cost of divided attention is by preferentially focusing on the most beneficial tasks. In territorial animals where aggression is lower among familiar individuals, the decision to associate preferentially with familiar conspecifics may therefore confer advantages by allowing attention to be switched from aggression to predator vigilance and feeding. Wild juvenile brown trout were used to test the prediction that familiar fishes respond more quickly than unfamiliar fishes to a simulated predator attack. Our results confirm this prediction by demonstrating that familiar trout respond 14% faster than unfamiliar individuals to a predator attack. The results also show that familiar fishes consume a greater number of food items, foraging at more than twice the rate of unfamiliar conspecifics. To the best of our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that familiarity–biased association confers advantages through the immediate fitness benefits afforded by faster predator–evasion responses and the long–term benefits provided by increased feeding opportunities. | ||||
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Notes | 10.1098/rspb.2003.2648 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5007 | ||
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Author | Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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Author | Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M. | ||||
Title | Control and eradication of African horse sickness with vaccine | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Developments in Biologicals | Abbreviated Journal | Dev Biol (Basel) |
Volume | 119 | Issue | Pages | 255-258 | |
Keywords | African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/*prevention & control; African horse sickness virus/immunology; Animals; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Equidae/*virology; Horses; Insect Control; Insect Vectors/virology; Spain/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage | ||||
Abstract | African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious but no-contagious viral disease of equidae with high mortality in horses. The disease is caused by an arthropod-borne double-stranded RNA virus within the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae transmitted by at least two species of Culicoides. Nine different serotypes have been described. The nine serotypes of AHS have been described in eastern and southern Africa. Only AHS serotypes 9 and 4 have been found in West Africa from where they occasionally spread into countries surrounding the Mediterranean. Examples of outbreaks that have occurred outside Africa are: in the Middle East (1959-1963), in Spain (serotype 9, 1966, serotype 4, 1987-1990), and in Portugal (serotype 4, 1989) and Morocco (serotype 4, 1989-1991). Laboratory diagnosis of AHS is essential. Although the clinical signs and lesions are characteristic, they can be confused with those of other diseases. Several techniques have been adapted for the detection of RNA segments, antibodies and antigen. Two types of vaccines have been described for AHS virus. Attenuated live vaccines (monovalent and polyvalent) for use in horses, mules and donkeys, are currently available, as well as a monovalent, serotype 4, inactivated vaccine, produced commercially but no longer available. New vaccines, including a subunit vaccine, have been evaluated experimentally. In this paper a review of the last AHS outbreaks in Spain, occurring during 1987-1990, and affecting the central and south part of the country, is presented. The role that vaccination played for the control and eradication of the disease, as well as other aspects such as climatological conditions, number of vectors and horse management, are also presented and evaluated. | ||||
Address | Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. jmvizcaino@vet.ucm.es | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1424-6074 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15742636 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2357 | ||
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Author | Mendl, M.; Paul, E.S. | ||||
Title | Consciousness, emotion and animal welfare: insights from cognitive science | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 13 | Issue | Pages | 17-25 | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3512 | ||
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