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| Author | Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. | ||||
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Affiliative relationships among Sorraia mares: influence of age, dominance, kinship and reproductive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Ethol. |
| Volume | 28 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 133-140 |
| Keywords | Sorraia horse – Affiliative relationship – Dominance – Kinship – Reproductive state | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract Affiliative relationships among mares were examined in a managed group of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, over a 3-year period. We assessed the influence of age, dominance, kinship and reproductive state on the strength of affiliative relationships and diversity of partners. The herd comprised 9–11 mares that had known each other since birth, their foals and a stallion that remained in the group exclusively during the breeding season. In contrast to a previous study, kinship did not significantly affect bonds. Mares tended to spend more time in proximity to those in the same reproductive state. Affiliative relationships among mares were relatively stable but their strength decreased after foaling, possibly as a function of foal protection and bonding between dam and foal. There was no consistent evidence that mares disengaged from affiliative relationships with increasing age. As expected, dominant mares and barren mares contributed the most to affiliative relationships. Dominance rank increased with age, but dominance relationships were stable and did not change after foaling. Overall, reproductive state was the factor that had the most consistent influence on affiliative relationships among Sorraia mares. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5100 | ||
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| Author | Weeks, J.W.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B.; Heusner, G.L. | ||||
| Title |
Aggression and social spacing in light horse (Equus caballus) mares and foals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 319-337 |
| Keywords | Dominance relationships; Horse; Sex differences; Social ontogeny; aggregation; parent-offspring interaction; social behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Aggression and social spacing were studied in 14 light horse mares and their foals living at pasture. Focal samples were collected on each mare-foal dyad for 6 to 10.5 h from 2 months of foal age until weaning at approximately 4 months of age. Observations on foals continued until approximately 6 months of age for 7.5 to 10.5 h per foal. Every 2 min the identities of all individuals within 5 m were recorded. All occurrences of agonistic behavior, and the participants, were recorded during the focal samples. In addition, during feeding of supplemental grain, all occurrences of agonistic behavior by all subjects were recorded. Significant correlations were found between mare rank and the rank of foals both prior to and after weaning. Before weaning, the rank of the foal was significantly correlated with birth order. No significant correlation between birth order and foal rank was found for the post-weaning hierarchy. An animal's gender had no significant effect on foal rank or the choice of preferred associate. Both prior to and after weaning, foals associated preferentially with the foal of their dam's most preferred associate. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between rank of mares and foals and the rate at which they directed aggression to other herd members. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. | ||||
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 788 | ||
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| Author | Pierard, M. | ||||
| Title |
Agonistic and affiliative interactions in group housed riding horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | horse, group housing, social interactions | ||||
| Abstract | Group housed horses at a stud farm/riding stable in Belgium were observed on 17 days between 21 February and 25 April 2008, totalling 54hr25min of detailed data. The original group consisted of 8 Irish Cob mares, 1 Warmblood mare, 1 Arabian gelding and 2 Arabian mares. The group had been established in December 2007. During the course of the study 5 horses were removed from the group and 2 foals were born. 3 highly pregnant mares were housed adjacent to the group for part of the period. Horses were regularly used for lessons. Available surface area differed with the group on pasture at the end. Continuous all occurrence sampling of 10 agonistic and 2 affiliative behaviours was carried out for all group members present. Overall the group showed a frequency of 44.75 agonistic interactions per hour and 11.25 affiliative per hour. Of those agonistic interactions 46.3% were threats while 47% were less active interactions (displacement, being avoided), leaving only 6.7% more aggressive interactions ( mainly biting, some kicking and chasing). The effect on acting agonistically was not significant for age (p=0.1591) and borderline significant for density (p=0.0627). The analysis of the frequency of affiliative interactions showed there is no significant effect of age (p=0.1865) or density (p=0.7923). Agonistic and affiliative interactions were not significantly correlated (p=0.72). Affiliative behaviour a horse received showed a borderline effect (p=0.0787) on agonistic behaviour, as did the interaction between received agonistic and affiliative interactions (p=0.0725). Received agonistic interactions had a borderline negative effect (p=0.0656) on affiliative behaviour. A dominance hierarchy was calculated based on agonistic interactions using Empirical Bayes’ estimates based on Poisson regression with random effects. Agonistic behaviour expressed to other horses was significantly effected by relative rank (p=0.0243). Overall horses tended to be 3.7 times more aggressive towards lower ranking horses compared to higher ranking horses. Affiliative behaviour shown to other horses was not significantly influenced by the rank of the social partner (p=0.7915). Some individuals did show a significant effect whereby they showed more affiliative behaviour towards lower ranking individuals. This study was a small project to look at a practical situation of riding horses being kept in group housing. The frequent changes in group composition and available surface made it possible to look at agonistic and affiliative interactions in such circumstances. This is useful as instability in group composition is often used as main reason not to keep horses in social groups. The results from this study showed a borderline effect of density on agonistic behaviour. In reality it was also influenced by practical details, like a narrow paddock with only 2 hay crates on the smallest surface. Rank in a dominance hierarchy, based on agonistic behaviour, had a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour expressed towards higher or lower ranking horses. No injuries or escalating fights were observed. This study shows it is possible to keep a group of riding horses in a social context without excessive aggression. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Pierard, M. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
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| ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5515 | ||
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| Author | Hinde, R.A. | ||||
| Title |
Analyzing the roles of the partners in a behavioral interaction--mother-infant relations in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1969 | Publication | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume | 159 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 651-667 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Group Processes; Haplorhini; Leadership; Maternal Deprivation; *Mother-Child Relations; *Role; Time Factors | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0077-8923 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:4981882 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2054 | |||
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| Author | Hubbell, J.A.E.; Muir, W.W. | ||||
| Title |
Antagonism of detomidine sedation in the horse using intravenous tolazoline or atipamezole | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 238-241 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Horses/*physiology; Hypnotics and Sedatives/*antagonists & inhibitors; Imidazoles/*antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology; Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary; Kinetics; Safety; Tolazoline/*pharmacology; Videotape Recording | ||||
| Abstract | REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The ability to shorten the duration of sedation would potentially improve safety and utility of detomidine. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of tolazoline and atipamezole after detomidine sedation. HYPOTHESIS: Administration of tolazoline or atipamezole would not affect detomidine sedation. METHODS: In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, descriptive study, detomidine (0.02 mg/kg bwt i.v.) was administered to 6 mature horses on 4 separate occasions. Twenty-five mins later, each horse received one of 4 treatments: Group 1 saline (0.9% i.v.) as a placebo control; Group 2 atipamezole (0.05 mg/kg bwt i.v.); Group 3 atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v.); and Group 4 tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg bwt i.v.). Sedation, muscle relaxation and ataxia were scored by 3 independent observers at 9 time points. Horses were led through an obstacle course at 7 time points. Course completion time was recorded and the ability of the horse to traverse the course was scored by 3 independent observers. Horses were videotaped before, during and after each trip through the obstacle course. RESULTS: Atipamezole and tolazoline administration incompletely antagonised the effects of detomidine, but the time course to recovery was shortened. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Single bolus administration of atipamezole or tolazoline produced partial reversal of detomidine sedation and may be useful for minimising detomidine sedation. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, 601 Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16706278 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1869 | |||
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| Author | Sabattini, M.S.; Monath, T.P.; Mitchell, C.J.; Daffner, J.F.; Bowen, G.S.; Pauli, R.; Contigiani, M.S. | ||||
| Title |
Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. I. Historical aspects and description of study sites | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Trop Med Hyg |
| Volume | 34 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 937-944 |
| Keywords | Animals; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology; Arboviruses; Argentina; Birds; Cattle; Child; Climate; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology/microbiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Geography; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans | ||||
| Abstract | This is the introductory paper to a series on the ecology of arboviruses in Argentina. Epizootics of equine encephalitis have occurred since at least 1908, principally in the Pampa and Espinal biogeographic zones, with significant economic losses; human cases of encephalitis have been rare or absent. Both western equine and eastern equine encephalitis viruses have been isolated from horses during these epizootics, but the mosquitoes responsible for transmission have not been identified. A number of isolations of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were reported between 1936 and 1958 in Argentina, but the validity of these findings has been seriously questioned. Nevertheless, serological evidence exists for human infections with a member of the VEE virus complex. Serological surveys conducted in the 1960s indicate a high prevalence of infection of humans and domestic animals with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and 2 SLE virus strains have been isolated from rodents. Human disease, however, has rarely been associated with SLE infection. Only 7 isolations of other arboviruses have been described (3 of Maguari, 1 of Aura, 2 of Una, and 1 of an untyped Bunyamwera group virus). In 1977, we began longitudinal field studies in Santa Fe Province, the epicenter of previous equine epizootics, and in 1980 we extended these studies to Chaco and Corrientes provinces. The study sites are described in this paper. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0002-9637 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:4037184 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2685 | ||
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| Author | Waiblinger, S.; Boivin, X.; Pedersen, V.; Tosi, M.-V.; Janczak, A.M.; Visser, E.K.; Jones, R.B. | ||||
| Title |
Assessing the human-animal relationship in farmed species: A critical review | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 101 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 185-242 |
| Keywords | Human-animal relationships; Farm animals; Tests; Assessment; Welfare | ||||
| Abstract | The present paper focuses on six main issues. First, we briefly explain why an increased understanding of the human-animal relationship (HAR) is an essential component of any strategy intended to improve the welfare of farmed animals and their stockpersons. Second, we list the main internal and external factors that can influence the nature of the relationship and the interactions between human beings and farm animals. Third, we argue that the numerous tests that have been used to assess the HAR fall into three main categories (stationary human, moving human, handling/restraint), according to the degree of human involvement. Fourth, the requirements that any test of HAR must fulfil before it can be considered effective, and the ways in which the tests can be validated are discussed. Fifth, the various types of test procedures that have been used to assess the HAR in a range of farmed species are reviewed and critically discussed. Finally, some research perspectives that merit further attention are shown. The present review embraces a range of farmed animals. Our primary reasons for including a particular species were: whether or not general interest has been expressed in its welfare and its relationship with humans, whether relevant literature was available, and whether it is farmed in at least some European countries. Therefore, we include large and small ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats), pigs, poultry (chickens), fur animals (foxes, mink) and horses. Although horses are primarily used for sport, leisure or therapy they are farmed as draught, food or breeding animals in many countries. Literature on the HAR in other species was relatively scarce so they receive no further mention here. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 854 | ||
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| Author | Muscatello, G.; Anderson, G.A.; Gilkerson, J.R.; Browning, G.F. | ||||
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Associations between the ecology of virulent Rhodococcus equi and the epidemiology of R. equi pneumonia on Australian thoroughbred farms | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied and Environmental Microbiology | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Environ Microbiol |
| Volume | 72 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 6152-6160 |
| Keywords | Actinomycetales Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary; Air Microbiology; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Australia/epidemiology; Colony Count, Microbial; DNA, Bacterial/genetics; Ecosystem; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology; Horses; Pneumonia, Bacterial/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary; Rhodococcus equi/genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity; Soil Microbiology; Virulence | ||||
| Abstract | The ecology of virulent strains of Rhodococcus equi on horse farms is likely to influence the prevalence and severity of R. equi pneumonia in foals. This study examined the association between the ecology of virulent R. equi and the epidemiology of R. equi pneumonia by collecting air and soil samples over two breeding seasons (28 farm-year combinations) on Thoroughbred breeding farms with different reported prevalences of R. equi pneumonia. Colony blotting and DNA hybridization were used to detect and measure concentrations of virulent R. equi. The prevalence of R. equi pneumonia was associated with the airborne burden of virulent R. equi (both the concentration and the proportion of R. equi bacteria that were virulent) but was not associated with the burden of virulent R. equi in the soil. Univariable screening and multivariable model building were used to evaluate the effect of environmental and management factors on virulent R. equi burdens. Lower soil moisture concentrations and lower pasture heights were significantly associated with elevated airborne concentrations of virulent R. equi, as were the holding pens and lanes, which typically were sandy, dry, and devoid of pasture cover. Few variables appeared to influence concentrations of virulent R. equi in soil. Acidic soil conditions may have contributed to an elevated proportion of virulent strains within the R. equi population. Environmental management strategies that aim to reduce the level of exposure of susceptible foals to airborne virulent R. equi are most likely to reduce the impact of R. equi pneumonia on endemically affected farms. | ||||
| Address | School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. mug@unimelb.edu.au | ||||
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| ISSN | 0099-2240 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16957241 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2622 | ||
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| Author | Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Streit, S.; Dempfle, L. | ||||
| Title |
Automatic feeding systems for horses in group housing systems with regard to animal welfare. Part 1: Feeding stalls versus automatic feeding systems | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Tierärztliche Praxis Großtiere | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl Prax |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | G | Pages | 363-370 |
| Keywords | Pferd, Fütterungseinrichtungen, soziale Interaktionen, Herzfrequenz, Verletzungsrisiko, Betriebseinfluss [Horse, feeding stations, social interactions, heart rate, risk of injury, individual farm management] | ||||
| Abstract | Gegenstand und Ziel: Überprüfung der Tiergerechtheit von Abrufstationen für Kraftfutter und Heu in der Gruppenhaltung von Pferden anhand ethologischer und physiologischer Parameter im Vergleich zu konventionellen Fressständen. Material und Methoden: Die Verhaltensbeobachtungen fanden in 11 bzw. 10 Offenlaufställen mit Abrufstationen bzw. Fressständen statt. 270 Pferde wurden individuell unterschieden. Untersuchungsparameter waren: Drohverhalten mit und ohne Verletzungsrisiko, Meideverhalten, Verdrängung aus dem Fressstand sowie Herzfrequenz und Integumentverletzungen. In jedem Betrieb erfolgten kontinuierliche Direktbeobachtungen für je einen 24-Stunden-Tag (Tortenstückverfahren). Ergebnisse: Im Wartebereich der Abrufautomaten traten signifikant mehr Drohgesten ohne bzw. mit Verletzungsgefahr je Pferd und Tag (8,6 bzw. 3,0) auf als im Wartebereich der Fressstände (3,4 bzw. 0,9). Demgegenüber konnten die Pferde in Abrufstationen (1,4 Drohgesten je Pferd und Tag) ungestörter fressen als in Fressständen (3,2 Drohgesten je Pferd und Tag). Insgesamt betrachtet ergab sich jedoch bei beiden Fütterungssystemen eine geringe Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im Bereich der Futtereinrichtungen. Die Herzfrequenz lag im Warteareal im Durchschnitt im physiologischen Bereich (44,59 ± 11,73 Schläge/min). Integumentverletzungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Fütterungssystem traten nicht auf. Der wichtigste Einflussfaktor auf die Untersuchungskriterien war der Betrieb (Fläche, Konzeption, Management). Schlussfolgerung: Unter dem Aspekt der Tiergerechtheit hinsichtlich des Stress- und Verletzungsrisikos durch soziale Interaktionen eignen sich bei ordnungsgemäßer Gruppenhaltung mit fachgerechtem Management sowohl Fressstände als auch Abrufstationen für Pferde im Offenlaufstall. [Objective: A comparison with regard to animal welfare of feeding stalls and automatic feeding systems for hay and concentrates in group housing systems for horses using parameters of ethology and physiology. Material and method: The observations of animal behaviour took place in 10 stables with feeding stalls and in 11 stables with automatic feeding systems. The field around the feeding systems was divided into three areas with comparable dimensions (waiting area, exit area and inside of the feeding system). 270 horses were individually observed. Parameters of research comprised: threatening behaviour with and without risk of injury, avoiding behaviour, ”chasing away from the feeding place”, as well as heart rate and injuries of the integument. Every group of horses was continuously observed for 24 hours. This observation took place on four different days and comprised six sessions, each of 4 hours. Results: In the waiting area of the automatic systems there were significantly more threatening gestures with and without risk of injuries for each horse and day (8.6 and 3.0, respectively) than in the waiting area of the feeding stalls. In contrast, the horses could eat more relaxed in the automatic systems (1.4 threatening gestures for each horse and day) than in the feeding stalls (3.2 threatening gestures for each horse and day). All together the number of negative interactions in the feeding area of both feeding systems was relatively low. The heart rate was within the physiological range (44,59 ± 11,73 beats/min) in the waiting area. There were no injuries of the integument in correlation with the feeding systems. The most important factor of the observation criteria was the individual group housing system with its different dimension, conception and management. Conclusion: Under the aspect of animal welfare both feeding systems are suitable for horses with respect to the risk of stress and injuries by social interactions and under the condition of proper group housing with professional management.] |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5765 | ||
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| Author | Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Streit, S.; Dempfle, L. | ||||
| Title |
Automatic feeding systems for horses in group housing systems with regard to animal welfare. Part 2: Comparison of different automatic feeding systems | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Tierärztliche Praxis Großtiere | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl Prax |
| Volume | 39 | Issue | G | Pages | 33-40 |
| Keywords | Pferd, Fütterungssystem, Bauvarianten, soziale Interaktionen, Besuchshäufigkeit, Aufenthaltsdauer, Herzfrequenz, Verletzungsrisiko [Horse, feeding system, different types of construction, social interactions, visiting frequency, duration of stay, heart rate, risk of injury] | ||||
| Abstract | Ziel: Überprüfung der Tiergerechtheit von in der Bauweise unterschiedlichen Futterabrufstationen für Pferde in Gruppenhaltung anhand ethologischer und physiologischer Parameter. Material und Methoden: In 32 Offenlaufställen (452 Pferde) mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen für Kraftfutter und Heu erfolgten kontinuierliche Direktbeobachtungen für je einen 24-Stunden-Tag (Tortenstückverfahren). Erfasst wurden: Aufenthaltsdauer, Besuchshäufigkeit, Droh- und Meideverhalten im Fütterungsbereich, Blockaden sowie Herzfrequenz und Integumentverletzungen. Ergebnisse: Eine Durchlaufstation reduzierte die Zahl der Auseinandersetzungen im Fütterungsbereich signifikant. Ansonsten erhöhten die für das fressende Pferd tiergerechten Varianten (Fressstand mit Eingangssperre, ohne Austreibehilfe) Besuchshäufigkeit und Aufenthaltsdauer und steigerten somit auch die Anzahl an Drohgesten je Tier und Tag. Insgesamt betrachtet kann jedoch die Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im Fütterungsbereich der Abrufstationen als relativ gering eingestuft werden. Die Herzfrequenz lag im Warteareal bei den meisten Pferden im physiologischen Bereich (45,1 ± 12,42 Schläge/min), erhöhte sich jedoch in der Abrufstation um ca. 20 Schläge/min. Einige Tiere zeigten möglicherweise stressbedingt kurzfristig auffallend hohe Werte (≥ 100 Schläge/ min). Integumentverletzungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Fütterungssystem traten nicht auf. Der wichtigste Einflussfaktor auf die Untersuchungskriterien war der Betrieb (Fläche, Konzeption, Management). Schlussfolgerung: Durchlaufstationen sind pferdegerechter als Rücklaufstationen. Nicht tiergerecht sind Stationen mit stromführender Austreibehilfe. Weitere bauliche Unterschiede der derzeitigen Futterabrufstationen dürften eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung sein, vor allem da Flächengebot und Konzeption der Offenstallanlage sowie das Management die überprüften Kriterien zur Tiergerechtheit maßgeblich beeinflussen. Untersuchungen zur Abklärung der Ursache für die vereinzelt aufgetretenen sehr hohen Herzfrequenzwerte sollten durchgeführt werden. Objective: Comparison with regard to animal welfare of different automatic feeding systems for hay and concentrate in group housing systems for horses using parameters of ethology and physiology. Material and methods: Parameters of research comprised: duration of stay, frequency of visit, threatening behaviour with and without risk of injury, and avoiding behaviour as well as heart rate and injuries of the integument. 452 horses were observed at the feeding area of 32 run-out-sheds. Every group of horses was continuously observed following the pie chart system for 24 hours. Results: The “walk-through” station significantly reduced the number of conflicts in the feeding area, whereas those systems which are appropriate for the feeding horses (feeding station with access barrier and without stimulation device by electric shock) led to a higher frequency of visits and a longer duration of stay resulting in more threatening gestures. However, the number of negative interactions in the feeding area of the feeding systems can all together be classified as relatively insignificant. The heart rate was within the physiological range (45.1 ± 12.42 beats/min) in the waiting area, but increased by approximately 20 beats/min on average within the feeding station. Some horses showed a very high heart rate (≥ 100 beats/min) while entering the feeding station, possibly stress-related. There were no injuries of the integument associated with the feeding systems. The most important factor of the observation criteria was the individual group housing system with its different dimensions, conception and management. Conclusion: “Walk-through” stations are better than ”walk-back” stations with regard to animal welfare. Likewise, automatic feeding stations with a current-carrying stimulation device are not supportive of good welfare. The other differences between the constructions of feeding stations of present systems are probably of less importance, particularly as it was shown that the stable (management, stable area, conception) had a significant influence on the surveyed parameters. Investigations to obtain information on the cause for the sporadic occurrence of very high heart rate values should be undertaken.] |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5766 | ||
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