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Author	Keiper, R.R.
Title	Social structure			Type	Journal Article
Year	1986	Publication	The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	465-484
Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Homing Behavior; Horses; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
Abstract	Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:3492240			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	675
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Author	Klingel, H.
Title	Social organization of feral horses			Type	Journal Article
Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
Volume	32	Issue		Pages	89-95
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality
Abstract	The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:6962906			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1958
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Author	Arnold, W.; Ruf, T.; Kuntz, R.
Title	Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	The Journal of experimental biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
Volume	209	Issue	Pt 22	Pages	4566-4573
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Female; Heart Rate; Horses/physiology; Male; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons
Abstract	Many large mammals show pronounced seasonal fluctuations of metabolic rate (MR). It has been argued, based on studies in ruminants, that this variation merely results from different levels of locomotor activity (LA), and heat increment of feeding (HI). However, a recent study in red deer (Cervus elaphus) identified a previously unknown mechanism in ungulates--nocturnal hypometabolism--that contributed significantly to reduced energy expenditure, mainly during late winter. The relative contribution of these different mechanisms to seasonal adjustments of MR is still unknown, however. Therefore, in the study presented here we quantified for the first time the independent contribution of thermoregulation, LA and HI to heart rate (f(H)) as a measure of MR in a free-roaming large ungulate, the Przewalski horse or Takhi (Equus ferus przewalskii Poljakow). f(H) varied periodically throughout the year with a twofold increase from a mean of 44 beats min(-1) during December and January to a spring peak of 89 beats min(-1) at the beginning of May. LA increased from 23% per day during December and January to a mean level of 53% per day during May, and declined again thereafter. Daily mean subcutaneous body temperature (T(s)) declined continuously during winter and reached a nadir at the beginning of April (annual range was 5.8 degrees C), well after the annual low of air temperature and LA. Lower T(s) during winter contributed considerably to the reduction in f(H). In addition to thermoregulation, f(H) was affected by reproduction, LA, HI and unexplained seasonal variation, presumably reflecting to some degree changes in organ mass. The observed phase relations of seasonal changes indicate that energy expenditure was not a consequence of energy uptake but is under endogenous control, preparing the organism well in advance of seasonal energetic demands.
Address	Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria. walter.arnold@vu-wien.ac.at
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:17079726			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1782
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Author	Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A.
Title	Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Reprod Suppl
Volume	60	Issue		Pages	197-202
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Fertility; Horses; Immunization, Secondary/veterinary; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; Receptors, Cell Surface; Safety; Swine; Time Factors; Vaccines, Contraceptive/*administration & dosage
Abstract	Contraceptive management of publicly valued wildlife species requires safeguards to ensure that these populations are preserved in a healthy state. In addition, reversibility of contraceptive effects and safety in pregnant animals are major concerns. A population of wild horses has been immunized against porcine zona pellucida (PZP) over a 12 year period on Assateague Island National Seashore, MD (ASIS). Mares initially received one or two 65 microg inoculations and once a year 65 microg booster inoculations, all delivered by dart. All young mares aged > 2 years were treated with PZP for 3 consecutive years regardless of whether they have bred successfully and they were then removed from treatment until they had foaled. All mares vaccinated for 1 or 2 consecutive years became fertile again and 69% of mares treated for 3 consecutive years returned to fertility. All five mares treated for 4 or 5 consecutive years have also returned to fertility, but over longer periods of time. Mares treated for 7 consecutive years have not returned to fertility, but several, while still infertile, have started ovulating again. There was no difference in survival rates between foals born to treated and untreated mares, and PZP treatment of pregnant mares did not affect subsequent fertility of their female offspring.
Address	Science and Conservation Center, ZooMontana, Billings 59106, USA. zoolab@wtp.net
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1477-0415	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12220160			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	141
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Author	Keiper, R.; Houpt, K.
Title	Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study			Type	Journal Article
Year	1984	Publication	American journal of veterinary research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
Volume	45	Issue	5	Pages	991-995
Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia
Abstract	The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:6732036			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	665
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Author	Turner, J.W.J.; Liu, I.K.; Kirkpatrick, J.F.
Title	Remotely delivered immunocontraception in free-roaming feral burros (Equus asinus)			Type	Journal Article
Year	1996	Publication	Journal of reproduction and fertility	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil
Volume	107	Issue	1	Pages	31-35
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/veterinary; *Equidae; Feces/chemistry; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Swine; Zona Pellucida/immunology
Abstract	Regulation of local overpopulations of free-roaming feral equids is in demand worldwide for ecological balance and habitat preservation. Contraceptive vaccines have proven effective in feral horses, which breed seasonally, but no data are available for equids such as the burro, which is reproductively active all year round. In the present study, 27 individually identified female feral burros (Equus asinus) roaming free in Virgin Islands National Park (St John, US Virgin Islands; Lesser Antilles) were remotely treated with pig zonae pellucidae (PZP) vaccine. Between January and May, 16 burros were darted with a 1 ml emulsion of PZP plus Freund's adjuvant. Ten to twelve months later each treated burro was given a single booster injection of PZP plus adjuvant to maintain contraception through a second year. Eleven adult untreated jennies served as controls. Beginning one year after initial vaccination, these burros were monitored for pregnancy and foal production. Collection of data to determine treatment effect was not begun until 12 months after initial treatment to ensure that pregnancies existing before vaccination were not included. Pregnancy was assessed using previously validated methods for steroid metabolite measurement in fresh faecal samples. None of the PZP-treated burros produced foals between 0 and 12 months after the last inoculation. One PZP-treated burro tested positive for pregnancy at 10 months after the final inoculation. During this same period, six of 11 untreated burros tested pregnancy-positive, and four were observed with foals. There was no difference in pregnancy rates among treated, control and randomly sampled jennies between 12 and 24 months after the last inoculation. The results demonstrate that, in free-roaming feral burros that are reproductively active all year round: (1) burros can be accessed for remotely delivered PZP vaccination; (2) PZP contraception is effective; (3) PZP contraception is reversible; and (4) pregnancy can be reliably detected by faecal steroid analysis.
Address	Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-4251	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8699431			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	144
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Author	Khalil, A.M.; Murakami, N.; Kaseda, Y.
Title	Relationship between plasma testosterone concentrations and age, breeding season and harem size in Misaki feral horses			Type	Journal Article
Year	1998	Publication	The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	J Vet Med Sci
Volume	60	Issue	5	Pages	643-645
Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Wild; Horses; Japan; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sexual Maturation; Social Behavior; Testosterone/*blood
Abstract	Jugular vein blood samples were collected from 23 young and sexual mature feral stallions to examine the relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season or harem size. Testosterone concentration increased with the age of the stallions until they formed their own harems, at about 4 to 6 years old. Seasonal variations in testosterone concentrations were observed, and found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) throughout the breeding season than non-breeding season, from 3 years of age. Testosterone levels were correlated with harem size for individual stallions. It can be inferred from these results that there is a relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season and harem size.
Address	Laboratory of Animal Behavioral Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0916-7250	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:9637303			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	137
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Author	Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J.
Title	Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
Volume	270	Issue	1510	Pages	45-51
Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Heredity; Male; Selection (Genetics); Songbirds/genetics/physiology; Variation (Genetics)
Abstract	Behaviour under conditions of mild stress shows consistent patterns in all vertebrates: exploratory behaviour, boldness, aggressiveness covary in the same way. The existence of highly consistent individual variation in these behavioural strategies, also referred to as personalities or coping styles, allows us to measure the behaviour under standardized conditions on birds bred in captivity, link the standardized measurements to the behaviour under natural conditions and measure natural selection in the field. We have bred the great tit (Parus major), a classical model species for the study of behaviour under natural conditions, in captivity. Here, we report a realized heritability of 54 +/- 5% for early exploratory behaviour, based on four generations of bi-directional artificial selection. In addition to this, we measured hand-reared juveniles and their wild-caught parents in the laboratory. The heritability found in the mid-offspring-mid-parent regression was significantly different from zero. We have thus established the presence of considerable amounts of genetic variation for personality types in a wild bird.
Address	Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. drent@cto.nioo.knaw.nl
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12590770			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	591
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Author	Doligez, B.; Danchin, E.; Clobert, J.
Title	Public information and breeding habitat selection in a wild bird population			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
Volume	297	Issue	5584	Pages	1168-1170
Keywords	Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cues; Environment; Female; Male; Nesting Behavior; Probability; Reproduction; Songbirds/physiology; Sweden
Abstract	According to the “public information” hypothesis, some animal species may monitor the current reproductive success of conspecifics to assess local habitat quality and to choose their own subsequent breeding site. To test this hypothesis experimentally, we manipulated two components of public information, the mean number of offspring raised locally (“quantity”) and their condition (“quality”), in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Immigration rate decreased with local offspring quantity but did not depend on local offspring quality, suggesting that immigrants are deprived of information regarding local quality. Conversely, emigration rate increased both when local offspring quantity or quality decreased, suggesting that residents can use both components of public information.
Address	Laboratoire d'Ecologie CNRS-UMR 7625, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai Saint Bernard, Batiment A 7eme etage, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. blandine.doligez@esh.unibe.ch
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12183627			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2841
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Author	Rendall, D.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
Title	Proximate factors mediating “contact” calls in adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) and their infants			Type	Journal Article
Year	2000	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
Volume	114	Issue	1	Pages	36-46
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; Female; Maternal Behavior; Motivation; Orientation; Papio/psychology; Social Environment; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	“Contact” calls are widespread in social mammals and birds, but the proximate factors that motivate call production and mediate their contact function remain poorly specified. Field study of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) revealed that contact barks in adult females were motivated by separation both from the group at large and from their dependent infants. A variety of social and ecological factors affect the probability of separation from either one or both. Results of simultaneous observations and a playback experiment indicate that the contact function of calling between mothers and infants was mediated by occasional maternal retrieval rather than coordinated call exchange. Mothers recognized the contact barks of their own infants and often were strongly motivated to locate them. However, mothers did not produce contact barks in reply unless they themselves were at risk of becoming separated from the group.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA. d.rendall@uleth.ca
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10739310			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	695
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