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Mccort Wd, |
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Title  |
The feral asses (Equus asinus) of Ossabaw Island, Georgia: Mating system and the effects of Vasectomies as a population. Control Procedure |
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1979 |
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Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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71-83 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1374 |
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Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J. |
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Title |
The Evolution of Social Dominance II: Multi-Player Models |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behavior |
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140 |
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10 |
Pages |
1333-1358 |
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Abstract |
The social hierarchies observed in natural systems often show a high degree of transitivity. Transitive hierarchies do not only require rank differentiation within pairs of individuals but also a higher level ordering of relations within the group. Several authors have suggested that the formation of linear hierarchies at the group level is an emergent property of individual behavioural rules, referred to as winner and loser effects. Winner and loser effects occur if winners of previous conflicts are more likely to escalate the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. According to this idea, an individual's position in a hierarchy may not necessarily reflect its fighting ability, but may rather result from arbitrary historical asymmetries, in particular the history of victories and defeats. However, if this is the case, it is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. Here we present a game theoretical model to investigate whether winner and loser effects giving rise to transitive hierarchies can evolve and under which conditions they are evolutionarily stable. The main version of the model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no intrinsic differences in fighting ability between individuals. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. We show that, at evolutionary equilibrium, these asymmetries can be utilized for conventional conflict resolution. Several evolutionarily stable strategies are based on winner and loser effects and these strategies give rise to transitive hierarchies. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5106 |
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Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J. |
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Title |
The Evolution of Social Dominance I: Two-player Models |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behavior |
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140 |
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10 |
Pages |
1305-1332 |
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A difference in dominance rank is an often-used cue to resolve conflicts between two animals without escalated fights. At the group level, adherence to a dominance convention efficiently reduces the costs associated with conflicts, but from an individual's point of view, it is difficult to explain why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. This is especially true if, as suggested by several authors, dominance not necessarily reflects differences in fighting ability but rather results from arbitrary historical asymmetries. According to this idea, rank differentiation emerges from behavioural strategies, referred to as winner and loser effects, in which winners of previous conflicts are more likely to win the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. In order to investigate whether dominance, based on such winner and loser effects, can be evolutionarily stable, we analyse a game theoretical model. The model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no differences in fighting ability between individuals at all. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. By means of numerical analysis, we find alternative evolutionarily stable strategies, which all utilize these asymmetries for conventional conflict resolution. One class of these strategies is based on winner and loser effects, thus generating evolutionarily stable dominance relations even in the absence of differences in resource holding potential. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5105 |
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Author |
TURNER JW et al, |
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Title |
Testicular biopsy in feral stallions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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41-48 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1668 |
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JORDAN JW et al, |
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Title |
Summer diets of feral burros (Equus asinus) in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona |
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Year |
1979 |
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Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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15-22 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1222 |
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Author |
Gakahu Cg, |
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Title |
Strategies of feeding behavior in the Common zebra, Equus burchelli (Gray) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya (Abstract) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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158 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1100 |
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Author |
Lloyd, P.H.; Rasa, O.A.E. |
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Title |
Status, reproductive success and fitness in Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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25 |
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6 |
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411-420 |
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Abstract |
Demographic data relating to herd size and stability are given for a population of Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) under longterm observation. Temporal dispersion patterns of male and female offspring differed and were independent of the mother's status. Dispersion in females appeared to be related to physiological state, and dispersion in both sexes was related to age rather than changes in parental behaviour. Reproductive success of dominant and subordinate mares was equal and independent of age and social and reproductive variables. Fitness of dominant mares, however, was significantly higher than that of subordinates, the latter having a higher foal mortality, part of which could be attributable to dominants' aggression. The fitness of all males born was 1.6:1 compared with all females. Dominant mares produced significantly more daughters than sons. This trend was not found for subordinates. Mother's status was positively correlated with dominant status in her female offspring but not related to the subsequent status of her sons. Daughters had a more than twice as great a chance of breeding than sons. For maximum fitness gains, therefore, dominant mares should produce more daughters, since a high proportion of these would also have high status and fitness. This tendency is reflected in the sex ratio skewed towards females found for dominant mares. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5787 |
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Author |
KIRKPATRICK JF et al, |
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Title |
Seasonal estrus patterns in captive feral mares (Abstract) |
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Journal Article |
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1979 |
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Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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39-40 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1271 |
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TURNER JW et al, |
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Title |
Quantitative aspects of elimination behavior in feral stallions (Abstract) |
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1979 |
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Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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84 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1667 |
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Author |
Bartoš, L.; Bartošová, J.; Pluhácek, J.; Šindelárová, J. |
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Title |
Promiscuous behaviour disrupts pregnancy block in domestic horse mares |
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2011 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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65 |
Issue |
8 |
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1567-1572 |
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Foetal loss; Domestic horse; Bruce effect; Sexual behaviour |
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Based on questionnaires from horse breeders, we found that bringing a pregnant mare which had been mated away from home into a vicinity of a familiar male who was not the father of her foetus increased probability of pregnancy disruption. These mares aborted in 31% of cases, while none of those mated within the home stable aborted. Repeated sexual activity either by a stallion or dominant gelding from the normal home group was observed shortly after the mare came from away-mating. Pregnant mares isolated from home males by a fence were even seen soliciting them over the fence. We speculate that, once returned to the home “herd”, and introduced to familiar males, mares were more likely to terminate their pregnancy to save energy and avoid likely future infanticidal loss of their progeny by dominant male(s) of the home social group. This is a newly discovered phenomenon where a mare manipulates the male’s paternity assessment by promiscuous mating. It may explain a common increased incidence of foetal loss in domestic horses occurring in nearly 40% of pregnancies. We conclude that the common practice of transporting the mare for mating and then bringing her back to an environment with males, stallions or geldings, which did not sire the foetus, is the main cause of high percentages of pregnancy disruption in domestic horses. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5834 |
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