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| Author |
Giulotto, E. |
Title  |
Will horse genetics create better champions? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Trends Genet. |
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| Volume |
17 |
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166 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4589 |
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Marfin, A.A.; Petersen, L.R.; Eidson, M.; Miller, J.; Hadler, J.; Farello, C.; Werner, B.; Campbell, G.L.; Layton, M.; Smith, P.; Bresnitz, E.; Cartter, M.; Scaletta, J.; Obiri, G.; Bunning, M.; Craven, R.C.; Roehrig, J.T.; Julian, K.G.; Hinten, S.R.; Gubler, D.J. |
| Title |
Widespread West Nile virus activity, eastern United States, 2000 |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Emerging Infectious Diseases |
Abbreviated Journal |
Emerg Infect Dis |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
730-735 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/virology; Culicidae/virology; *Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/virology; Horses; Humans; Population Surveillance; Songbirds/virology; United States/epidemiology; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/veterinary/virology; *West Nile virus |
| Abstract |
In 1999, the U.S. West Nile (WN) virus epidemic was preceded by widespread reports of avian deaths. In 2000, ArboNET, a cooperative WN virus surveillance system, was implemented to monitor the sentinel epizootic that precedes human infection. This report summarizes 2000 surveillance data, documents widespread virus activity in 2000, and demonstrates the utility of monitoring virus activity in animals to identify human risk for infection. |
| Address |
Division of Vector-Borne Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. aam@cdc.gov |
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ArboNET Cooperative Surveillance Group |
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English |
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1080-6040 |
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PMID:11585539 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2646 |
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| Author |
Dawkins, M.S. |
| Title |
Who Needs Consciousness? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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19-29 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3489 |
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| Author |
Richards, S.A.; de Roos, A.M. |
| Title |
When is habitat assessment an advantage when foraging? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
61 |
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6 |
Pages |
1101-1112 |
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Foragers can often show a broad range of strategies when searching for resources. The simplest foraging strategy is to search randomly within a habitat; however, foragers can often assess habitat quality over various spatial scales and use this information to keep themselves in, or direct themselves to, regions of high resource abundance or low predation risk. We investigated models that describe a population of consumers competing for a renewable resource that is distributed among discrete patches. Our aim was to identify what foraging strategy or strategies are expected to persist within a population, where strategies differ in the degree of habitat assessment (i.e. none, local, or global). We were interested in how the optimal strategies are dependent on the cost of assessment and habitat structure (i.e. the variation in renewal rates and predation risks among patches). The models showed that the simple random foraging strategy (i.e. make no habitat assessments) often persisted even when the cost of habitat assessment was low. Persistence could occur when habitat assessment and population dynamics generated an ideal free distribution because it could be exploited by the random foragers. Habitat assessment was more advantageous when consumers could not achieve ideal free distributions, which was more likely as patches became less productive. When productivity was low we sometimes observed the situation where different foraging strategies generated resource heterogeneities that promoted their coexistence, and this could occur even when all patches were intrinsically identical. |
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2153 |
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| Author |
Taylor, J.G. |
| Title |
What do Neuronal Network Models of the Mind Indicate about Animal Consciousness? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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63-75 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3490 |
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| Author |
Kimura, R. |
| Title |
Volatile substances in feces, urine and urine-marked feces of feral horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Canadian Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Can. J. Anim. Sci. |
| Volume |
81 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
411-420 |
| Keywords |
Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone |
| Abstract |
The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. |
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0008-3984 |
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Equine Museum of Japan, 1-3 Negishidai, Nakaku, Yokohama 231, Japan (hidousch@alles.or.jp) |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2314 |
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Mushiake H.; Saito N.; Sakamoto K.; Sato Y.; Tanji J. |
| Title |
Visually based path-planning by Japanese monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Cognitive Brain Research |
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11 |
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165-169 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3476 |
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| Author |
Timney, B.; Macuda, T. |
| Title |
Vision and hearing in horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
| Volume |
218 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1567-1574 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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2278 |
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Biro, D.; Matsuzawa, T. |
| Title |
Use of numerical symbols by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Cardinals, ordinals, and the introduction of zero |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
4 |
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3 |
Pages |
193-199 |
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An adult female chimpanzee with previous training in the use of Arabic numerals 1–9 was introduced to the meaning of “zero” in the context of three different numerical tasks. The first two were cardinal tasks where the subject was required either to select numerals corresponding to the number of items presented on a computer screen (productive use of numerals) or to match sets of the appropriate size to numerals presented as samples (receptive use). The third task addressed the ordinal meaning of the same symbols where the subject was required to respond to numerals sequentially, arranging them into an ascending series. The subject mastered the recognition of the meaning of zero in all three tasks. However, details of her usage of the symbol revealed that transfer of the meaning between different kinds of tasks was incomplete, suggesting that the level of ion characteristic of human numerical ability was not attained in the chimpanzee. Over the course of acquisition leading to the high levels of accuracy eventually observed, the newly introduced zero appeared to shift along the length of a continuous numerical scale toward the lower end, while confusions with 1 remained the most frequently encountered mistakes. Such patterns of error thus suggest that Ai's understanding of the meaning of zero in relation to the rest of the number symbols was not consistent with an “absence of items versus presence of items” scheme. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3251 |
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| Author |
De Lillo,; C. De Lillo; Floreano,; D. Floreano; Antinucci,; F. Antinucci |
| Title |
Transitive choices by a simple, fully connected, backpropagation neural network: implications for the comparative study of transitive inference |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
1 |
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61-68 |
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In search of the minimal requirements for transitive reasoning, a simple neural network was trained and tested on the non-verbal version of the conventional “five-term-series task” – a paradigm used with human adults, children and a variety of non-human species. The transitive performance of the network was analogous in several aspects to that reported for children and animals. The three effects usually associated with transitive choices i.e. “symbolic distance”, “lexical marking” and “end-anchor”, were also clearly shown by the neural network. In a second experiment, where the training conditions were manipulated, the network failed to match the behavioural pattern reported for human adults in the test following an ordered presentation of the premises. However, it mimicked young children's performance when tested with a novel comparison term. Although we do not intend to suggest a new model of transitive inference, we conclude, in line with other authors, that a simple error-correcting rule can generate transitive behaviour similar to the choice pattern of children and animals in the binary form of the five-term-series task without requiring high-order logical or paralogical abilities. The analysis of the training history and of the final internal structure of the network reveals the associative strategy employed. However, our results indicate that the scope of the associative strategy used by the network might be limited. The extent to which the conventional five-term-series task, in absence of appropriate manipulations of training and testing conditions, is suitable to detect cognitive differences across species is also discussed on the basis of our results. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3145 |
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