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Wimmer H, & Perner J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103.
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Premack, D. (1983). Animal Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 34(1), 351–362.
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Langlois, B., Minkema, D., & Bruns, E. (1983). Genetic problems in horse breeding. Livestock Production Science, 10(1), 69–81.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to give a short survey of the present problems concerning the genetic improvement of horse breeds. The evolution of these populations in Europe, characterized by a deep change from production of draught horses towards that of leisure horses, is described and the influence of the demographical parameters on the selection of these horse populations, is discussed. The generation interval represents an important handicap only surmounted in the case of racing breeds where a high selection intensity can be practised since all animals are subjected to performance testing. In the other cases, the farmer usually does not use modern breeding techniques, but uses crosses instead, which lead more easily to visible results. The available selection criteria are also dealt with. A distinction is made between direct estimates evaluating the abilities of the animals in practice and the indirect estimates measuring a character in correlation to previous ones. For the former estimates, a distinction is made between those resulting from competitions (handicap, records or earnings) and those resulting from direct in-station measurements (saddle, jumping, dressage abilities, draught power). For the indirect estimates, often used especially for the selection of mares, the most important analysis is obviously that of the conformation. However, in the future early selection criteria according to more physiological data should be sought and developed. Estimation of the breeding value according to a given ability is thereafter pointed out. There are two situations: “the panmictic case” concerning sport and draught horses and “the non-panmictic case” corresponding to racing horses, which give rise to some problems. The setting up of breeding plans is discussed. Due to the different economic situations and various objectives of horse production, conclusions are drawn about the role played by geneticists in the present development of this sector.
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Wolfe, J. M. (1983). Hidden visual processes. Sci Am, 248(2), 94–103.
Abstract: Isoluminant stimulus is an image whose edges are defined only by a change in color, not by change in brightness. The stimulus here is imperfect: the blue parts and the green parts of the image are only as nearly equal in brightness as they can be on the printed page. Moreover, the change in brightness beyond the edge of the page is apparent, and so is the fact that the reader is holding the magazine at reading distance. When such cues are removed under laboratory conditions, subjects faced with an isoluminant stimulus prove unable to bring its edges into focus. This deficiency contributes to making a familiar face hard to recognize. The experiment indicates that the brain process underlying visual accommodation (the focusing of the eyes) cannot “see” color; it is a hidden process distinct from the processes that lead to perception. The image shows Groucho Marx as he appeared in the motion picture Horse Feathers.
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Sone, K. (1983). [Apropos of 5 cases of so-called “delusions of cutaneous and intestinal infestation”--psychopathologic and neuropsychological considerations]. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn, 37(1), 37–55.
Abstract: Five cases with so-called “Dermato- und Enterozoenwahn” are reported, and the following themes are analysed from the “multidimensional” point of view: 1) process to build the shape of the intruder which is bothering the patients, 2) behavior against the intruding small animal and attitude towards the therapeutist; their characteristic manner to make complaints, 3) premorbid personality and 4) physical findings. In regard to one of the formation types of this disease, we have postulated through the neuropsychological analysis of case 5 (somatoparaphrenic patient) that patients of the typical cases 1, 2 and 3 suffer from a special kind of agnosia (perturbation of recognition; disturbance of aperception) in which they take their abnormal body sensations for causing by the small imaginary animals. Our cases showed the importance of a premorbid personality and present life-situations in combination with physical dissolution taking part in the pathoplastic process of this particular disease.
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Waring, G. H. (Ed.). (1983). Horse Behavior: The Behavioral Traits and Adaptations of Domestic and Wild Horses, Including Ponies. Park Ridge: Noyes Publications.
Abstract: ReviewsSynopsisThe second edition of this informative book remains the most comprehensive and current overview of the behavioral traits and adaptations of horses. The book integrates findings from hundreds of international researchers to provide the reader with a factual synthesis of the behaviour of domestic and feral horses. Building on the strengths of the first edition, the author has thoroughly updated coverage of horse ancestry, development, perception, learning, play, social behavioral manipulation, maintenance activities, and sexual behaviour. Throughout these and other chapters, more emphasis has been given to animal husbandry and management. Additionally, the second edition includes an all-new section on ecological influences on activity patterns, habitat utilization, social behaviour and reproduction. An expanded section on applied ethnology provides behavioral considerations or management and insight regarding the behavioral indicators of horse health and well being. This is followed with an updated appendix listing behavioral symptoms and possible causes. The text contains numerous tables and nearly 100 illustrations and photos. Interesting Facts: Rich with international data, incorporated into text, tables, and figures Two new chapters on ecological influences dealing with interactions between environment feeding, ranging, shelter seeking, reproductive and social behavior, among other topics New chapter on behavioral considerations in horse management, plus updated material on health and well being, surveys atypical symptoms ranging from posture to social behaviour Update appendix provides an extensive listing of behavioral symptoms, with identifications of possible associated problems.
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Appleby, M. C. (1983). The probability of linearity in hierarchies. Anim. Behav., 31(2), 600–608.
Abstract: The common practice of ranking a group of animals in the closest possible order to a linear dominance hierarchy assumes that dominance among those animals is generally transitive. In fact, analysis of groups in which dominance relationships are random shows that this method has a surprisingly high probability of producing an apparently linear or near-linear hierarchy by chance. As such, the existence of transitive dominance should be tested before it is used in ranking. A suitable statistical test is described here. Chance may also contribute to the linear appearance of hierarchies based on other factors.
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Berger, J. (1983). Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses. Nature, 303(5912), 59–61.
Abstract: Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
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Moss, C. J., & Poole, J. H. (1983). Relationships and social structure in African elephants. In R. A. Hinde (Ed.), Primate social relationships: an integrated approach.. Blackwell Science Ltd.
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Markworth, P. (1983). Sportmedizin: Physiologische Grundlagen. Reinbek: Rowohlt.
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