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Author Bonin, S.J.; Clayton, H.M.; Lanovaz, J.L.; Johnston, T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet. J.  
  Volume 39 Issue 3 Pages 258-262  
  Keywords horse; temporomandibular joint; mastication; kinematics  
  Abstract Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous studies have suggested that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) kinematics depend on the type of food being masticated, but accurate measurements of TMJ motion in horses chewing different feeds have not been published. Hypothesis: The temporomandibular joint has a larger range of motion when horses chew hay compared to pellets. Methods: An optical motion capture system was used to track skin markers on the skull and mandible of 7 horses as they chewed hay and pellets. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the mandibles at the level of the 4th premolar teeth to represent the overall motion of the mandible relative to the skull during the chewing cycle. Results: Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets. The mean velocity of the virtual mandibular marker during the chewing cycle was the same when chewing the 2 feeds. Conclusions: The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets. Potential relevance: These findings support the suggestion that horses receiving a diet high in concentrate feeds may require more frequent dental prophylactic examinations and treatments to avoid the development of dental irregularities associated with smaller mandibular excursions during chewing.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher American Medical Association (AMA) Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes doi: 10.2746/042516407X157792 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6513  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L.; Morand-Ferron, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Can a restrictive definition lead to biases and tautologies? Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioral and Brain Sciences Abbreviated Journal Behav. Brain Sci.  
  Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 411-412  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We argue that the operational definition proposed by Ramsey et al. does not represent a significant improvement for students of innovation, because it is so restrictive that it might actually prevent the testing of hypotheses on the relationships between innovation, ecology, evolution, culture, and intelligence. To avoid tautological thinking, we need to use an operational definition that is taxonomically unbiased and neutral with respect to the hypotheses to be tested.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition 2007/12/17  
  ISSN 0140-525x ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6533  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Wotschikowsky, U. openurl 
  Title Wölfe und Jäger in der Oberlausitz Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Broschüre, Freundeskreis freilebender Wölfe Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6691  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Versace, E.; Morgante, M.; Pulina, G.; Vallortigara, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Behavioural lateralization in sheep (Ovis aries) Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Brain Research Abbreviated Journal Behav. Brain. Res.  
  Volume 184 Issue 1 Pages 72-80  
  Keywords Lateralization; Laterality; Brain asymmetry; Hemisphere; Sheep; Lamb; Strength of lateralization  
  Abstract This study investigates behavioural lateralization in sheep and lambs of different ages. A flock was tested in a task in which the animals were facing an obstacle and should avoid it on either the right or left side to rejoin flock-mates (adult sheep) or their mothers (lambs). A bias for avoiding the obstacle on the right side was observed, with lambs apparently being more lateralized than sheep. This right bias was tentatively associated with the left-hemifield laterality in familiar faces recognition which has been documented in this species. Differences between adult sheep and lambs were likely to be due to differences in social reinstatement motivation elicited by different stimuli (flock-mates or mothers) at different ages. Preferential use of the forelegs to step on a wood-board and direction of jaw movement during rumination was also tested in adult animals. No population bias nor individual-level lateralization was observed for use of the forelegs. At the same time, however, there was a large number of animals showing individual-level lateralization for the direction of jaw movement during rumination even though there was no population bias. These findings highlight that within the same species individual- and population-level lateralization can be observed in different tasks. Moreover, the results fit the general hypothesis that population-level asymmetries are more likely to occur in tasks that require social coordination among behaviourally asymmetric individuals.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0166-4328 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6701  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Reimer, M. openurl 
  Title Investigation of appeasement signals in domestic dogs Type Manuscript
  Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract  
  Address University of Sussex  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up) Ph.D. thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Sussex Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5305  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author May, A. openurl 
  Title Evaluierung von Stressparametern beim Pferd im Zusammenhang mit dem Klinikaufenthalt [Evaluation of stress parameters in the hospitalized horse] Type Manuscript
  Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Ein Klinikaufenthalt stellt für Pferde eine Stresssituation dar und viele Pferde erkranken

während eines Klinikaufenthalts an Stress-assoziierten Erkrankungen. Eine der häufigsten ist

die so genannte Colitis X, eine oft tödlich verlaufende Durchfallerkrankung. Da es im Verlauf

dieser Erkrankungen zu einem Verlust der Tiere kommen kann, hat ihre Vermeidung oberste

Priorität.

Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, herauszufinden, inwieweit bei den Pferden der

klinisch erkennbare Stress mit Veränderungen messbarer Blutparameter (Hämatokrit,

Gesamteiweiß, Leukozyten, Glukose, Laktat, Kortisol) einhergeht und dabei einen Parameter

zu finden, mit dem Stress beim Klinikpatienten Pferd verlässlich und möglichst einfach

evaluiert werden kann. Zudem wurden in dieser Studie Freie Sauerstoffradikale („oxidativer

Stress“) und IgA im Kot bestimmt, um diese Parameter auf ihre klinische Verwendbarkeit zu

prüfen und zu untersuchen, inwieweit Stress mit dem lokalen Immunglobulingehalt

interferiert. Einigen ausgewählten Pferden wurde zudem der Paramunitätsinducer Zylexis® der

Firma Pfizer appliziert, um dessen Wirkung auf die untersuchten Parameter festzustellen.

Es wurden 110 Patienten der Klinik für Pferde untersucht, die in dem Zeitraum der Studie

zufällig hospitalisiert wurden. Die Pferde wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt. Eine Gruppe

wurde in der Klinik operiert, die zweite nur stationär behandelt. Des Weiteren wurde eine

Kontrollgruppe in ihrem Heimatstall zum Vergleich miteinbezogen, die in den letzten sechs

Wochen vor der Studie nicht transportiert oder anderweitig belastet worden war.

Den Pferden wurde in definierten Abständen Blut und Kot entnommen, um den Einfluss von

Transport, Operation und Klinikstress möglichst gut zu erfassen. Die Zeitpunkte waren direkt

nach der Einlieferung, am Morgen vor der Narkose, nach der Aufstehphase und sowohl einen

als auch vier Tage nach der Narkose. Pferden, die nicht operiert wurden und der

Kontrollgruppe wurden insgesamt dreimal Blut und Kot (Tag 1, 3, Tag vor der Entlassung)

entnommen.

Für die Zylexis®-Studie wurden Vitrektomie-Patienten ausgewählt, da diese ein gutes Beispiel

für eine kurze, wenig traumatische Operation darstellen. Diese Pferde wurden mit den

anderen Pferden, die leichten Operationen unterzogen wurden, verglichen.

Bereits nach dem unterschiedlich langen Transport zeigten die Pferde signifikante Anstiege

von Gesamtleukozytenzahl, dem Verhältnis neutrophiler Granulozyten zu Lymphozyten

(N:L-Verhältnis), Glukose und den klinischen Parametern (Herzfrequenz, Atemfrequenz,

Körpertemperatur). Die IgA-Konzentration im Kot sank bei den eingelieferten Pferden nach

Einlieferung erst ab, um sich dann vermutlich durch den Kontakt mit den fremden Antigenen

in der Klinik reflektorisch zu erhöhen. Auffällig war, dass die Kortisolkonzentration nach

dem Transport bei den als „nervös, sensibel“ eingestuften Pferden signifikant höher lag als bei

den „ruhigen, ausgeglichenen“ Pferden.

Weitere deutliche Veränderungen zeigten sich nach den Operationen. Glukose, Kortisol und

das N:L-Verhältnis wiesen nach den unterschiedlich langen Eingriffen höhere Konzentrationen

auf. Die Laktatkonzentration stieg signifikant bereits nach der Operation und

anschließend noch weiter nach der Aufstehphase. Dies ist primär auf die Muskelbelastung

zurückzuführen, da Laktat vor allem muskulären Ursprungs ist. Hämatokrit und Gesamteiweiß

sanken nach der Narkose aufgrund der intraoperativ verabreichten Infusionen ab.

Einem starken hoch signifikanten Konzentrationsabfall unterlag auch der IgA-Gehalt im Kot.

Dabei war kein Unterschied zwischen den verschiedenen Operationstraumata festzustellen.

Ansonsten unterlagen die Pferde, die mit hochgradig gestörtem Allgemeinbefinden zu einer

Notoperation eingeliefert wurden, viel deutlicheren Veränderungen als die anderen Pferde.

Die Freien Radikale zeigten überhaupt keinen charakteristischen Verlauf. Sie schienen

allerdings bei den chronisch erkrankten Pferden erhöht zu sein. Des Weiteren zeigten sie

Erhöhungen bei bestimmten Erkrankungen („Equine Motor Neuron Disease“, Hufrehe).

Bei den Pferden, die Zylexis® verabreicht bekamen, konnte eine Tendenz zur Verbesserung

des Immunstatus nachgewiesen werden. Es fiel ein deutlich höherer Gesamteiweißgehalt auf,

der wahrscheinlich auf eine vermehrte Produktion von Immunglobulinen zurückzuführen ist.

Außerdem war die Kortisolkonzentration nach der Operation signifikant niedriger. Der IgAGehalt

zeigte einen weniger deutlichen Konzentrationsabfall, was aber statistisch nicht belegt

werden konnte.

Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das N:L-Verhältnis und Glukose geeignete Parameter

darstellen um zuverlässig den Stress, dem ein Pferd ausgesetzt ist, zu evaluieren. Kortisol ist

vorsichtig zu interpretieren, da es großen individuellen Schwankungen ausgesetzt ist.

Die Bestimmung von IgA im Kot gibt Aufschluss über den lokalen Immunstatus des

Intestinaltrakts. Da es bei allen Pferden postoperativ zu signifikanten Konzentrationsabfällen

kam, sind Pferde nach jeder Operation offensichtlich prädisponiert, eine Darmerkrankung,

wie beispielsweise Colitis X, zu entwickeln. Kortisol scheint auch Einfluss auf das lokale

Immunsystem zu nehmen, da hohe Kortisolwerte mit einem niedrigen IgA-Gehalt im Kot

korrelierten.

Um die Zusammenhänge der Blutparameter und der Colitis X näher zu erforschen und

insbesondere um die „kritischen“ IgA-Konzentrationen zu ermitteln, wären noch weiterführende

Untersuchungen aufschlußreich.

[Many horses in clinics display symptoms of stress-associated diseases. One of the most feared

is the so-called Colitis X, an often fatal ending diarrhea. As death occurs quite often in the

course of those diseases, their avoidance has first priority.

The aim of the following study was to find out whether signs of stress which are displayed by

the horses correlate with measurable blood parameters. Furthermore we tried to find a

parameter which was suitable to evaluate stress in hospitalized horses.

Apart from the commonly measured parameters (hematocrit, total protein, leucocytes,

glucose, lactate, corticosterone) we tried to include free oxygen radicals in this study.

Immunoglobulin A in faeces was investigated to find out how stress interfered with the local

immune system. A Paramunityinducer often used in Germany (Zylexis®) was administered to

10 selected horses to research its effect on the different parameters.

110 patients hospitalized in the horse clinic were examined. First the horses were organized

into two groups. One group underwent surgery and the other one received stationary

treatment. Furthermore a control group was taken into account which had not been

transported or subjected to stress in six weeks prior to the study.

The horses were drawn blood and collected faeces in defined intervals to register the

influence of transport, operation and clinic stress. Blood samples were taken directly after the

transport, prior to the operation, right after surgery and one day and four days after the

operation. Horses which did not undergo surgery including the control group were drawn

blood and faeces three times (day 1, 3, and the day prior to discharge from the clinic).

For the paramunity investigation patients for vitrectomy were chosen as they display a good

example for short little traumatic operations. Those were compared with other horses brought

into the clinic for short operations.

After the transport to the clinic horses showed significant increases in leukocyte

concentration, N:L-ratio, glucose and the clinical parameters (heart rate, breathing rate, body

temperature). The immunoglobulin concentration decreased after the transport to rapidly rise

after contact with antigens from the clinic environment.

Horses categorized as “nervous, sensitive” displayed significantly higher corticosterone

concentrations after the transport than horses categorized as “cool, calm”. Other distinct

variations showed after the operations. The lactate concentrations increased significantly after

anaesthesia and went up even further after the horse got up afterwards. This is due to

muscular fatigue as lactate is mainly produced in the muscles. Glucose, corticosterone and the

N:L-ratio also displayed higher concentrations after the operation.

Hematocrit and total protein concentrations decreased after anaesthesia ascribed to infusions

during operation. After anaesthesia a highly significant reduction of immunoglobulin

concentrations in the faeces was determined. No influence of the different operation traumas

could be recognized.

That was surprising as in all other cases horses in very bad general condition displayed

distinct changes.

The free oxygen radicals did not show any characteristic pattern. There appeared to be a

higher concentration in horses with chronic illnesses. Furthermore some diseases, like Equine

Motor Neuron Disease and laminitis, seemed to have an increasing impact on the oxygen

radicals.

Zylexis® showed a tendency to improve the immune status of the horses in this study. The

paramunized horses had more total serum protein than the others. This could be due to an

increased production of Immunoglobulins. Additionally the corticosterone concentration after

the operation stayed on a significantly lower level. The local immunoglobulin A

concentrations did not appear to decrease as much as in the non-paramunized horses but it

was not possible to statistically prove this statement.

The results of this study show that the N:L-ratio and glucose might be suitable parameters to

reliably evaluate the stress that has an effect on the hospitalized horse. Corticosterone values

have to be interpreted carefully as they are very prone to individual variations.

Measuring immunoglobulins in faeces provides information about the local intestinal immune

status. Since all horses showed significant lower immunoglobulin concentrations after the

anesthesia/operation they obviously lack immune protection and are therefore predisposed for

developing enteritis, as Colitis X. In this study corticosterone seemed to influence the local

immune system as high concentrations of corticosterone correlated with low immunoglobulin

levels.

To understand the circumstances more thoroughly and to find out which factors have to be

present additionally in order for the horses to fall ill with Colitis X, further investigations have

to be made.]
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up) Ph.D. thesis  
  Publisher LMU München Place of Publication München Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5902  
Permanent link to this record
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