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Author Brinkmann, L.; Gerken, M.; Riek, A. pdf  openurl
  Title Energetic adaptations of Shetland pony mares Type Conference Article
  Year 2015 Publication Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting Abbreviated Journal Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Body temperature, Energy expenditure, Food restriction, Hypometabolism, Locomotor activity, Shetland pony  
  Abstract Recent results suggest that wild Northern herbivores exhibit signs of a hypometabolism during times of low ambient temperature and food shortage in order to reduce their energetic needs. However, there are speculations that domestic animals lost the ability to reduce energy expenditure. To examine energetic and behavioural responses 10 Shetland pony mares were exposed to different environmental conditions (summer and winter). During winter ponies were allocated into two groups receiving two different food quantities (60% and 100% of maintenance energy requirement). We measured the field metabolic rate, water turn over, body temperature, locomotor activity, lying time, resting heart rate, body mass and body condition score.

In summer, the field metabolic rate of all ponies (FMR; 63.4±15.0 MJ/day) was considerably higher compared with food restricted and control animals in winter (24.6±7.8 and 15.0±1.1 MJ/day, respectively). Furthermore, during summer, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and total water turnover were significantly elevated (P<0.001) compared with winter. Animals receiving a reduced amount of food (N=5) reduced their FMR by 26% compared with control animals (N=5) to compensate for the decreased energy supply. Furthermore, resting heart rate, body mass and body condition score were lower(29.2±2.7 beats/min, 140±22 kg and 3.0±1.0 points, respectively) than in control animals (36.8±41 beats/min, 165±31 kg, 4.4±0.7 points; P<0.05). While no difference could be found in the observed behaviour, nocturnal hypothermia was elevated in restrictively fed animals. Our results indicate that ponies adapt to different climatic conditions by changing their metabolic rate, behaviour and some physiological parameters. When exposed to energy shortage, ponies, like wild herbivores, exhibited hypometabolism and nocturnal hypothermia.

Keywords:

Body temperature, Energy expenditure, Food restriction, Hypometabolism, Locomotor activity, Shetland pony
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Brinkmann, L. Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5893  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Reyna-Garfias, H.; Miliar, A.; Jarillo-Luna, A.; Rivera-Aguilar, V.; Pacheco-Yepez, J.; Baeza, I.; Campos-Rodríguez, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Repeated restraint stress increases IgA concentration in rat small intestine Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 24 Issue 1 Pages 110-118  
  Keywords Restraint-stress; IgA; Small intestine; Polymeric Ig receptor; Catecholamines; Glucocorticoids  
  Abstract The most abundant intestinal immunoglobulin and first line of specific immunological defense against environmental antigens is secretory immunoglobulin A. To better understand the effect of repeated stress on the secretion of intestinal IgA, the effects of restraint stress on IgA concentration and mRNA expression of the gene for the alpha-chain of IgA was assessed in both the duodenum and ileum of the rats. Restraint stress induced an increase in intestinal IgA, which was blocked by an adrenalectomy, suggesting a role of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Whereas the blocking of glucocorticoid receptors by RU-486 did not affect the increased IgA concentration, it did reduce IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments, indicating a possible mediation on the part of glucocorticoids in IgA secretion by individual cells. Treatment with corticosterone significantly increased both the IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in ileum but not in duodenum, suggesting that glucocorticoids may act directly on IgA-antibody forming cells to increase IgA secretion in the former segment. A probable role by catecholamines was evidenced by the reduction in IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments after a chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Additionally, norepinephrine significantly reduced IgA alpha-chain mRNA levels but increased pIgR mRNA expression and IgA concentration in both intestinal segments. We propose that the increased intestinal IgA levels caused by repeated restraint stress is likely due to the effects of catecholamines on the transport of plgA across the epithelium.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0889-1591 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6002  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author A. Lanata; A. Guidi; G. Valenza; P. Baragli; E. P. Scilingo doi  openurl
  Title Quantitative heartbeat coupling measures in human-horse interaction Type Conference Article
  Year 2016 Publication 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) Abbreviated Journal 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (E  
  Volume Issue Pages 2696-2699  
  Keywords electrocardiography; medical signal processing; signal classification; time series; Dtw; Hrv; Mpc; Msc; complex biological systems; dynamic time warping; grooming; heart rate variability time series; heartbeat dynamics; human-horse dynamic interaction; magnitude squared coherence; magnitude-phase coupling; mean phase coherence; nearest mean classifier; quantitative heartbeat coupling; real human-animal interaction; time duration; visual-olfactory interaction; Coherence; Couplings; Electrocardiography; Heart rate variability; Horses; Protocols; Time series analysis  
  Abstract Abstract— We present a study focused on a quantitative estimation of a human-horse dynamic interaction. A set of measures based on magnitude and phase coupling between heartbeat dynamics of both humans and horses in three different conditions is reported: no interaction, visual/olfactory interaction and grooming. Specifically, Magnitude Squared Coherence (MSC), Mean Phase Coherence (MPC) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) have been used as estimators of the amount of coupling between human and horse through the analysis of their heart rate variability (HRV) time series in a group of eleven human subjects, and one horse. The rationale behind this study is that the interaction of two complex biological systems go towards a coupling process whose dynamical evolution is modulated by the kind and time duration of the interaction itself. We achieved a congruent and consistent

statistical significant difference for all of the three indices. Moreover, a Nearest Mean Classifier was able to recognize the three classes of interaction with an accuracy greater than 70%. Although preliminary, these encouraging results allow a discrimination of three distinct phases in a real human-animal interaction opening to the characterization of the empirically proven relationship between human and horse.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (E  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1557-170x ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6175  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Brinkmann, L.; Gerken, M.; Riek, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Effect of long-term feed restriction on the health status and welfare of a robust horse breed, the Shetland pony (Equus ferus caballus) Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Research in Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal Res. Vet. Sci.  
  Volume 94 Issue 3 Pages 826-831  
  Keywords Animal welfare; Blood parameter; Extensive housing; Feed restriction; Horse; Winter conditions  
  Abstract Outdoor group housing is increasingly recognized as an appropriate housing system for domesticated horses. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of potential feed shortage in semi-natural horse keeping systems in winter on animal health and welfare. In 10 female Shetland ponies blood concentrations (NEFA, total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and thyroxine (T4)), body mass and the body condition score (BCS) were monitored for 7months including a 4months period of feed restriction in five of the 10 ponies. Restrictively fed animals lost 18.4±2.99% of their body mass and the BCS decreased by 2.2±0.8 points (BCS scale: 0=emaciated, 5=obese). Feed restriction led to a continuous increase in TB (P<0.001) and NEFA (P<0.01) concentrations compared to control ponies. The TP and BHB values only differed at the end of the trial with lower concentrations in restricted fed mares (P<0.05). Feed restriction had no effect on thyroxine concentrations. TB concentrations in the feed restricted group were out of the reference range during the entire feeding trial. The increased NEFA concentrations in feed restricted compared to control ponies suggest that fat was mobilized. The BCS, as well as plasma NEFA and TB concentrations were good indicators for a rapid detection of possible health problems caused by undernourishment in horses when kept under semi-natural conditions. In contrast, blood parameters of the control animals were within the reference ranges, suggesting that a year round outdoor housing with additional feed supply is an adequate housing system for a robust horse breed like the Shetland pony.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0034-5288 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6601  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Vitale, V.; Balocchi, R.; Varanini, M.; Sgorbini, M.; Macerata, A.; Sighieri, C.; Baragli, P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The effects of restriction of movement on the reliability of heart rate variability measurements in the horse (Equus caballus) Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of Veterinary Behavior Abbreviated Journal J. Vet. Behav.  
  Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 400-403  
  Keywords behavior; heart rate variability; horse; measurement; reliability; restriction of movement  
  Abstract Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive approach for investigating the sympathovagal balance of the autonomic nervous system. In recent years, HRV has been increasingly evaluated in animal research. In horses, it has been suggested that basal resting conditions can be achieved by restraining them. The aim of this study was to verify how restriction of movement influences HRV i2n horses. Ten healthy standardbred mares were used to measure the electrocardiographic signal under 2 conditions: free to move in the stall and restrained in the stock. Results indicate that the restriction of movement is associated with increased nervous system sympathetic activity not consistent with resting conditions.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up)  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1558-7878 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6618  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Obergfell, J. openurl 
  Title Einf lus s v on St ruktur e l ement en auf da s Li eg ev e rha l t en v on Pf e rden in Gruppenha l tung unt e r Be rücks i cht igung de s Ag g r e s s i ons v e rha l t ens Type Manuscript
  Year 2012 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Pferde, Ruheverhalten, Liegeverhalten, Aggressionsverhalten, Strukturelemente, Rangordnung [horses, rest behavior, lying behavior, aggression behavior, structural elements, rank order]  
  Abstract Durch die vorliegende Studie wurde der Einfluss von Strukturelementen auf das Liege- und Aggressionsverhalten von Pferden in Gruppenhaltung untersucht. Die Strukturelemente sollten Rückzugsmöglichkeiten bieten, sowie in ihrem Bereich zur Aufhebung der Individualdistanz führen und dadurch die Fläche relativ vergrößern. Für die Versuche stellte das Haupt- und Landesgestüt Marbach drei unabhängige Pferdegruppen mit verschiedener Herdengröße zur Verfügung, die jeweils in Einraum- Innenlaufställen gehalten wurden. Die Datenerfassung fand zwischen 23 und sieben Uhr statt. Insgesamt wurden 366 Stunden Videomaterial ausgewertet. Beim Ruheverhalten wurden mit Hilfe des event-sampling- Verfahrens die Parameter Gesamtliegedauer, Dauer in Seitenlage, Dauer der Einzelphasen in

Seitenlage und Abliegehäufigkeit pro Nacht erfasst. Es wurden Versuchsphasen ohne

Strukturelemente und mit hängenden Planen als Strukturierung durchgeführt. Im ersten Stall

kamen außerdem über einander gestapelte Strohballen zum Einsatz. Diese Art der

Strukturierung stellte sich jedoch als nicht praktikabel heraus und führte im Vergleich zu den Planen zu einer signifikanten Verschlechterung der Gesamtliegedauer. In Stall 1 konnte man eine tendenzielle Verbesserung der Parameter Gesamtliegedauer und Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage durch das Anbringen von Planen sehen. In Stall 3 dagegen verschlechterte sich das Ruheverhalten in den Versuchsphasen mit Planen gegenüber den Versuchsphasen ohne Struktur. Die Werte der Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage nahmen signifikant ab. In Stall 2 zeigten sich keine Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Versuchsphasen. Möglicherweise ist die Wirkung der Strukturelemente auf das Liegeverhalten abhängig von der Flächengröße. Stall 1 hatte bezogen auf die Leitlinien des BMELV die größte und Stall 3 die kleinste Fläche. Bei den anderen Parametern des Liegeverhaltens gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Versuchsphasen. Mit Hilfe des time-sampling-Verfahrens wurde die Anzahl gleichzeitig liegender Pferde und gleichzeitig liegender Pferde in Seitenlage bestimmt. Auch hier zeigten sich keine Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Versuchsphasen. Bei der Gegenüberstellung der Werte der Gesamtliegedauer und der Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage mit dem Alter der Pferde (Stall 1 und Stall 3) und mit dem Integrationszeitpunkt (Stall 1) konnte kein Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Beim Aggressionsverhalten wurden mit Hilfe des

event-sampling-Verfahrens in den Ställen 2 und 3 verschiedene Arten von Aggressionen

erfasst, die dann in die drei Intensitätsgrade Low-Level-, Mid-Level- und High-Level-

Aggressionen unterteilt wurden. Neben der Anzahl wurde die Dauer der verschiedenen

Aggressionen bewertet. Insgesamt konnte eine positive Wirkung der Planen auf das

Aggressionsverhalten beobachtet werden. Die Gesamtanzahl an Aggressionen nahm in beiden

Ställen tendenziell in den Versuchsphasen mit Planen ab. In Stall 3 konnte, wenn man die

Aggressionen stundenweise betrachtet, ein signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden.

Auch der Hinterhandschlag und die Aggressionen, welche das Ruheverhalten stören,

verringerten sich tendenziell nach dem Anbringen von Strukturelementen. In beiden Ställen

nahm die relative Häufigkeit von Mid-Level-Aggressionen nach dem Anbringen von Planen

zu. Dagegen konnte bei den High-Level-Aggressionen und in Stall 3 bei den Low-Level-

Aggressionen eine relative Abnahme beobachtet werden. Sowohl die Anzahl als auch die

Dauer der Mid-Level-Aggressionen verringerten sich in Stall 3 stundenweise betrachtet

signifikant in den Versuchsphasen mit Planen. In Stall 2 war bei den High-Level-

Aggressionen sowohl bei der Dauer als auch bei der Anzahl eine signifikante Abnahme zu

sehen. Wenn man das Aggressionsverhalten in Bezug zu der Fläche in den zwei Ställen

betrachtet, schien diese vor allem einen Einfluss auf die High-Level-Aggressionen zu

nehmen. Mit Hilfe des Rangindex der Pferde im Stall 3 wurde eine Rangordnung aufgestellt.

Zwischen dem Platz der Pferde in der Rangordnung und den Parametern des Ruheverhaltens

(Gesamtliegedauer, Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage) sowie dem Alter der Pferde konnte kein

Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Zwischen dem Rangindex und der Gesamtanzahl an

Aggressionen bestand dagegen ein hoch signifikanter Zusammenhang. Im Rahmen dieser

Studie ist das Anbringen von Strukturelementen in Bezug auf das Aggressionsverhalten in

Einraum-Innenlaufställen von Pferden zu empfehlen. Die Wirkung auf das Liegeverhalten der

Pferde sollte in weiteren Studien untersucht werden.

[In this study the influence of structural elements on lying and aggression behavior in horses

kept in groups was exanimated. Structural elements should offer the possibility of retreat.

Furthermore, within the respective area, the individual distance should be limited, thus

increasing the overall space relatively. For the studies the “Haupt- und Landesgestüt

Marbach” provided three non-related groups of different sized horses, each kept in separate

“Einraum-Innenlaufställen”. Data collection took place between 11 pm and 7 am. Altogether,

366 hours of video material were analyzed. Using the event-sampling-method, the following

parameters within the horses´ resting behavior were determined: The total lying period, the

total lying period in lateral position, the periods of the single lying in lateral position and the

frequency of lying down. Test phases were carried out without structural elements and with

hanging canvases as structural elements. In the first stable there were also three bales of straw

piled up on top of each other. This kind of structuring emerged as impractical and in

comparison to the canvas, led to a significant deterioration to the total period of lying. After

the canvases were fixed in the first stable, a slight improvement with the parameters of total

lying period and total lying period in the lateral position could be seen. In contrast, the resting

behavior in stable 3 worsened in the test phases with the canvases in comparison to the test phases without structural elements. The values for the total lying period in the lateral position

decreased significantly. In stable 2, there were no differences in the different test phases.

Possibly the effect of the structural elements is dependent of the space. Stable 1 had the

largest space and stable 3 the least space referred to the guideline of the BMELV. The other

parameters of the lying behavior showed no significant differences in the different test phases.

The number of horses lying at the same time, and the number of horses lying at the same time

in the lateral position were detected with the aid of the time-sampling-method. There were

also no differences between the different test phases. If the values of the total lying period and

the total lying period in lateral position were compared to the age of the horses (stable 1 and

stable 3) and to the point of integration (stable 1), there was no correlation.

Different kinds of aggression were detected by the means of the event-sampling-method in

stable 2 and 3 and were subdivided into the three levels of intensity: Low-level-, mid-level

and high-level-aggressions. Both the number and the duration of the different aggressions

were evaluated. All in all a positive influence of the canvas on the aggression behavior could

be observed. In both stables, the total number of aggressions decreased in the test phases with

canvases. In stable 3 a significant difference could be detected, if the aggressions were

observed per hour. Also hind limb kicks and aggressions disturbing the resting behavior,

decreased by trend, after fixing the canvases in the stable. In both stables the relative

frequency of mid-level-aggressions increased after the canvases were mounted. In contrast

there was a relative decrease at the high-level-aggressions and in stable 3 at the low-levelaggressions.

The number and the duration of the mid-level-aggressions in stable 3 decreased,

when considered by the hour in the test phases with canvases. In stable 2 a significant

decrease in duration and number of high-level-aggressions was observed. When examining

aggression behavior in reference to space in the two stables, high-level-aggressions seemed to

be mostly influenced. In stable 3 a rank order was established with the aid of the rank index of

the horses. There was no correlation between the horses´ rank and the parameters of the

resting behavior (the total lying period, the total lying period in lateral position) and between

horses´ rank and age. In contrast, there was a high significant correlation between the rank

index and the total number of aggressions. In context to this study, structural elements in

“Einraum-Innenlaufställen” (BMELV 2009) seem to have a positive influence on the

aggression behavior and thus seem to be recommendable. The influence on the lying behavior

should be investigated in further studies.]
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis (up) Ph.D. thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Karlsruhe Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5772  
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