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| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 72 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 173-183 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; *Imagination; *Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; *Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16466863 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 218 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Timing, memory for intervals, and memory for untimed stimuli: The role of instructional ambiguity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 71 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 88-97 |
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| Abstract | Theories of animal timing have had to account for findings that the memory for the duration of a timed interval appears to be dramatically shorted within a short time of its termination. This finding has led to the subjective shortening hypothesis and it has been proposed to account for the poor memory that animals appear to have for the initial portion of a timed interval when a gap is inserted in the to-be-timed signal. It has also been proposed to account for the poor memory for a relatively long interval that has been discriminated from a shorter interval. I suggest here a simpler account in which ambiguity between the gap or retention interval and the intertrial interval results in resetting the clock, rather than forgetting the interval. The ambiguity hypothesis, together with a signal salience mechanism that determines how quickly the clock is reset at the start of the intertrial interval can account for the results of the reported timing experiments that have used the peak procedure. Furthermore, instructional ambiguity rather than memory loss may account for the results of many animal memory experiments that do not involve memory for time. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16406373 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 219 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Timing, memory for intervals, and memory for untimed stimuli: the role of instructional ambiguity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 209-222 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Memory, Short-Term; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; *Retention (Psychology); *Time Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Theories of animal timing have had to account for findings that the memory for the duration of a timed interval appears to be dramatically shorted within a short time of its termination. This finding has led to the subjective shortening hypothesis and it has been proposed to account for the poor memory that animals appear to have for the initial portion of a timed interval when a gap is inserted in the to-be-timed signal. It has also been proposed to account for the poor memory for a relatively long interval that has been discriminated from a shorter interval. I suggest here a simpler account in which ambiguity between the gap or retention interval and the intertrial interval results in resetting the clock, rather than forgetting the interval. The ambiguity hypothesis, together with a signal salience mechanism that determines how quickly the clock is reset at the start of the intertrial interval can account for the results of the reported timing experiments that have used the peak procedure. Furthermore, instructional ambiguity rather than memory loss may account for the results of many animal memory experiments that do not involve memory for time. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16095851 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 222 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Selective and divided attention in animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 69 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-15 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Field Dependence-Independence; *Psychological Theory | ||||
| Abstract | This article reviews some of the research on attentional processes in animals. In the traditional approach to selective attention, it is proposed that in addition to specific response attachments, animals also learn something about the dimension along which the stimuli fall (e.g., hue, brightness, or line orientation). More recently, there has been an attempt to find animal analogs to methodologies originally applied to research with humans. One line of research has been directed to the question of whether animals can locate a target among distracters faster if they are prepared for the presentation of the target (search image and priming). In the study of search image, the target is typically a food item and the cue consists of previous trials on which the same target is presented. In research on priming effects, the cue is typically different from the target but is a good predictor of its occurrence. The study of preattentive processes shows that perceptually, certain stimuli stand out from distracters better than others, depending not only on characteristics of the target relative to the distracters, but also on relations among the distracters. Research on divided attention is examined with the goal of determining whether an animal can process two elements of a compound sample with the same efficiency as one. Taken together, the reviewed research indicates that animals are capable of centrally (not just peripherally) attending to selective aspects of a stimulus display. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15795066 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 224 | ||
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| Author | Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Pigeons shift their preference toward locations of food that take more effort to obtain | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 67 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 405-415 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; Columbidae; *Exertion; *Feeding Behavior; Reward | ||||
| Abstract | Although animals typically prefer to exert less effort rather than more effort to obtain food, the present research shows that requiring greater effort to obtain food at a particular location appears to increase the value of that location. In Experiment 1, pigeons' initial preference for one feeder was significantly reduced by requiring 1 peck to obtain food from that feeder and requiring 30 pecks to obtain food from the other feeder. In Experiment 2, a similar decrease in preference was not found when pigeons received reinforcement from both feeders independently of the amount of effort required. These results are consistent with the within-trial contrast effect proposed by in which the relative hedonic value of a reward depends on the state of the animal immediately prior to the reward. The greater the improvement from that prior state the greater the value of the reinforcer. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15518990 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 227 | ||
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| Author | Friedrich, A.M.; Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Functional equivalence in pigeons involving a four-member class | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 67 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 395-403 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation | ||||
| Abstract | Research suggests that animals are capable of forming functional equivalence relations or stimulus classes of the kind usually demonstrated by humans (e.g., the class defined by an object and the word for that object). In pigeons, such functional equivalences are typically established using many-to-one matching-to-sample in which two samples are associated with one comparison stimulus and two different samples are associated with the other. Evidence for the establishment of functional equivalences between samples associated with the same comparison comes from transfer tests. In Experiment 1, we found that pigeons can form a single class consisting of four members (many-to-one matching) when the alternative class has only one member (one-to-one matching). In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility that the pigeons acquired the hybrid one-to-one/many-to-one task by developing a single-code/default coding strategy as earlier research suggested that it might. Thus, pigeons can develop a functional class consisting of as many as four members, with the alternative class consisting of a single member. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15518989 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 228 | ||
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| Author | Croneya, C.C. | ||||
| Title | Group size and cognitive processes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 15-228 |
| Keywords | Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes | ||||
| Abstract | Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity, social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for improved animal welfare. |
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| Corporate Author | Ruth C. Newberryb | Thesis |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 277 | ||
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| Author | Minero, M.; Zucca, D.; Canali, E. | ||||
| Title | A note on reaction to novel stimulus and restraint by therapeutic riding horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 97 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 335-342 |
| Keywords | Horse; Therapeutic riding; Behavioural indicators; Heart rate; Lymphocyte proliferation | ||||
| Abstract | Little research has been done to measure reactivity objectively in therapeutic riding horses (TRH). As individual reactivity and chronic stress could be assessed by exposing animals to acute, novel stressors, the authors of this work aimed at comparing reactions of TRHs and jumping horses (JH) to two challenges. Four TRHs and four JHs were exposed to a restraint covering their head with a hood for 1 h and to a startling stimulus (a 40 cm long, red and white synthetic holiday garland shaken with a rustling noise inside the box). Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded continuously and telemetrically, the reaction was video-recorded and analysed with a software for behavioural analysis. Blood samples were collected before and after each challenge to determine lymphocyte proliferation and other biochemical parameters. Horses spent most of the time immobile, during the challenges (p < 0.05). TRHs had a significantly higher average basal HR than JH (p < 0.05), probably due to their better condition. HR varied among different behaviours during the restraint (p < 0.05): the average HR during “pawing” was higher than during other behaviours (p < 0.005). A significant decrease in the proliferation of lymphocytes in samples taken after the removal of the hood (p < 0.05) was found, while the other stress related parameters did not vary significantly after the challenges. The authors conclude that TRHs did not react less than JHs to the new stimuli and this should be taken into consideration while planning their daily work and management. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 279 | ||
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| Author | Krueger, K. | ||||
| Title | Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique” | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 104 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 162-170 |
| Keywords | Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships | ||||
| Abstract | I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 280 | ||
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| Author | Ninomiya, S.; Sato, S.; Kusunose, R.; Mitumasu, T.; Obara, Y. | ||||
| Title | A note on a behavioural indicator of satisfaction in stabled horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 106 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 184-189 |
| Keywords | Animal welfare; Satisfaction; Horses; Operant response; Stable | ||||
| Abstract | We observed the behaviour of six stabled horses (stallions n = 3; geldings n = 3) in an attempt to identify behavioural measures of eating satisfaction. The horses were required to perform an operant response (pressing a button with the muzzle) in order to access a food reward in an experimental box stall. After each horse had successfully learned the experimental situation, it participated in the experimental protocol on 4 days. Horses were brought to the experimental box stall for the operant response sessions (1 h duration per session), and upon completion, they were returned to their own (home) box stalls. The number of presses for the reward was a Fixed Ratio schedule of either 3 or 12 muzzle presses (FR3, FR12) and the FR procedure for each horse was as follows: FR3 FR12 FR12 FR3 or FR12 FR3 FR3 FR12. Number of rewards obtained during each session, and behaviour and heart rate after each session were recorded for each horse. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that the number of rewards obtained in FR3 was higher than in FR12 (P < 0.05). The horses spent more time in standing-rest, (with ears rotating laterally and exhibiting a low neck position) indicating sleep, in the home box stall, after FR3 compared to FR12 treatments (P < 0.05). Mean heart rate after standing-sleep was significantly lower than mean heart rate in the home box stall (P < 0.01). These results suggest that eating satisfaction induces sleep in stabled horses, and that episodes of standing-sleep behaviour may be a useful indicator of appropriate or enhanced welfare in the horse. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 281 | ||
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