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Author | Mettke-Hofmann, C.; Gwinner, E. | ||||
Title | Long-term memory for a life on the move | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume | 100 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 5863-5866 |
Keywords | Animals; Germany; Israel; Memory/*physiology; Models, Biological; Periodicity; Songbirds/*physiology | ||||
Abstract | Evidence is accumulating that cognitive abilities are shaped by the specific ecological conditions to which animals are exposed. Long-distance migratory birds may provide a striking example of this. Field observations have shown that, at least in some species, a substantial proportion of individuals return to the same breeding, wintering, and stopover sites in successive years. This observation suggests that migrants have evolved special cognitive abilities that enable them to accomplish these feats. Here we show that memory of a particular feeding site persisted for at least 12 months in a long-distance migrant, whereas a closely related nonmigrant could remember such a site for only 2 weeks. Thus, it seems that the migratory lifestyle has influenced the learning and memorizing capacities of migratory birds. These results build a bridge between field observations suggesting special memorization feats of migratory birds and previous neuroanatomical results from the same two species indicating an increase in relative hippocampal size from the first to the second year of life in the migrant but not in the nonmigrant. | ||||
Address | Max Planck Research Centre for Ornithology, Department of Biological Rhythms and Behaviour, Von-der-Tann-Strasse 7, 82346 Andechs, Germany. mettke-hofmann@erl.ornithol.mpg.de | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12719527 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 511 | ||
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Author | Linklater, W. L.; Cameron, E. Z.; Stafford, K. J.; Minot, E. O. | ||||
Title | Estimating Kaimanawa feral horse population size and growth | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | Publication | SCIENCE & RESEARCH INTERNAL REPORT 185 | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Animal flight behaviour in response to aircraft could have a profound influence on the accuracy and precision of aerial estimates of population size but is rarely investigated. Using independent observers on the ground and in the air we recorded the presence and behaviour of 17 groups, including 136 individually marked horses, during a helicopter count in New Zealand’s Kaimanawa Mountains. We also compared the helicopter count with ground-based estimates using mark-resight and line-transect methods in areas ranging from 20.5 to 176 km2. Helicopter counts were from 16% smaller to 54% larger than ground-based estimates. The helicopter induced a flight response in all horse groups monitored. During flight, horse groups traveled from 0.1 up to 2.75 km before leaving the ground observer’s view and temporarily changed in size and composition. A tenth of the horses were not counted and a quarter counted twice. A further 23 (17%) may have been counted twice but only two of the three observers’ records concurred. Thus, the helicopter count over-estimated the marked sub-population by at least 15% and possibly by up to 32%. The net over-estimate of the marked sub-population corresponded to the 17% and 13% difference between helicopter counts and ground-based estimates in the central study area and for the largest area sampled, respectively. Feral horse flight behaviour should be considered when designing methods for population monitoring using aircraft. We identify the characteristics of the helicopter count that motivated horse flight behaviour. We compared our own recent estimate of population growth from measures of fecundity and mortality (λ = 1.096 with an earlier-published one (λ = 1.182, where r = 0.167) that had been derived by interpolating between the available history of single counts. Our model of population growth, standardised aerial counts, and historical estimates of annual reproduction suggest that the historical sequence of counts since 1979 probably over-estimated growth because count techniques improved and greater effort was expended in successive counts. We used line-transect, markresight and dung density sampling methods for population monitoring and discuss their advantages and limitations over helicopter counts. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 515 | ||
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Author | Seaman, S.C.; Davidson, H.P.B.; Waran, N.K. | ||||
Title | How reliable is temperament assessment in the domestic horse (Equus caballus)? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 175-191 |
Keywords | Temperament assessment; Behavioural tests; Horses; Active and passive copers; Factor analysis | ||||
Abstract | Differences in behavioural characteristics between individuals of the same species are often described as being due to the temperament of the individuals. These differences can have enormous implications for welfare with some individuals apparently being able to adapt to environmental challenge more easily than others. Such differences have resulted in animals often being described as either `active' copers, which try to escape from or remove an aversive stimulus, or `passive' copers, which show no outward signs of a situation being aversive, thus, appearing to be unaffected. Tests previously developed to assess the temperament of animals have been criticised for several reasons. Behaviour is often recorded and categorised using methods that are not objective and tests are generally carried out once with no consideration of whether or not behavioural responses are consistent over time. This study takes these factors into account. The behaviour of 33 horses was recorded in three types of test--an arena test, response to a person and response to an object. In order to test whether or not responses were consistent over time, the tests were repeated three times with an average of 9 days between trials. Test results were validated using responses from questionnaires completed by the farm team leader. The data were analysed using an initial principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis. The horses were found to behave consistently over the three trials in their responses in the arena test. The responses to the person test and the object test were similar to each other; however, these responses were not consistent over trials. The behaviour in the arena test was unable to be used to make a prediction of behaviour in the person and object tests and vice versa. The responses shown by the horses did not enable them to be categorised as either active or passive copers. Behavioural responses in the tests were not predictive of the response to a startle test (water spray), nor could they be used to predict status or response to being reintroduced to the group after testing. There was no relationship between the responses in the tests and the ratings given by the farm team leader. It was concluded that horses vary widely in their responses to artificial behavioural tests, with only the responses to an open-field arena test being consistent over time, and therefore, the only type of test which can indicate some core factor of temperament. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 520 | ||
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Author | Murphy, J.; Sutherland, A.; Arkins, S. | ||||
Title | Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 91 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 297-310 |
Keywords | Horse; Idiosyncratic motor behaviour; Laterality; Sidedness | ||||
Abstract | Idiosyncratic motor behaviour was investigated during four experimental procedures in 40 horses (males = 20, females = 20) to establish if horses revealed evidence of significant right or left laterality. The experimental procedures included (1) detection of the preferred foreleg to initiate movement (walk or trot), (2) obstacle avoidance within a passageway (right or left), (3) obstacle avoidance when ridden and (4) idiosyncratic motor bias when rolling. The influence of the horses' sex on both the direction and the degree of the laterality was explored within and between experimental procedures. The findings showed that the direction, but not the degree of idiosyncratic motor preference in the horses was strongly sex-related. Male horses exhibited significantly more (t = 3.74, d.f. = 79, P < 0.001) left lateralised responses and female horses exhibited significantly more (t = -6.35, d.f. = 79, P < 0.01) right lateralised responses. There was also significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between four of six possible inter-experimental relationships. The results suggest two discrete trends of laterality associated with the sex of the horse. The primary cause of idiosyncratic motor laterality may be genetically predetermined, influenced by environmental factors or a combination of these two and the current findings may support the development of sex-specific training schedules for the horse. Further, work in this area might assist in defining the mechanisms of brain hemisphere lateralisation and allocation of cognitive function in the horse. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 527 | ||
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Author | Nathan J. Emery | ||||
Title | The Evolution of Social Cognition | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social BehaviourGarten | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | Although this bookis focusedon the cognitive neuroscience ofhuman social behaviour, an understandingofsocial cognition in non-human animals is critical for unravellingthe neural basis of social cognition in humans as well as the selective pressures that have shapedthe evolution ofcomplex social cognition. Thanks to methodological limitations, we know little about the relationships between certain biochemical andelectrophysiological properties ofthe human brain andhow theycompute the behaviour andmental states ofother individuals. Traditional techniques for examiningneural function in humans, such as event-relatedpotentials (ERP),positron emission tomography(PET),and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),are constrainedbythe fact that subjects are placed either into an immoveable scanner with a lot ofbackgroundnoise or wiredup with dozens of electrodes that are sensitive to slight movements. The possibilityofscanningor recordingbrain waves from two individuals that are physicallyinteractingsociallyis technicallyimpossible at present (however, see Montague et al, 2002 for a new methodfor simultaneouslyscanningtwo individuals interactingvia a computer). The onlywayto understandthe neurocognitive architecture ofhuman social behaviour is to examine similar social processes in both human andnon-human animal minds andmake comparisons at the species level. An additional argument is that traditional human socio-cognitive tasks are dependent on the use ofstories, cartoons andverbal cues andinstructions (Heberlein & Adolphs, this volume)which themselves will elicit specific neural responses that have to be eliminatedfrom neural responses specificallyrelatedto mindreading. Therefore, the development ofnon-verbal tasks wouldprovide a breakthrough for studies in non-linguistic animals, pre-verbal human infants andhuman cognitive neuroimaging. |
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Publisher | Psychology Press | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 543 | ||
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Author | Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
Title | Human-like social skills in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 439-444 |
Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition/*physiology; Dogs; *Evolution; Humans; *Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | Domestic dogs are unusually skilled at reading human social and communicative behavior--even more so than our nearest primate relatives. For example, they use human social and communicative behavior (e.g. a pointing gesture) to find hidden food, and they know what the human can and cannot see in various situations. Recent comparisons between canid species suggest that these unusual social skills have a heritable component and initially evolved during domestication as a result of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression towards humans. Differences in chimpanzee and human temperament suggest that a similar process may have been an important catalyst leading to the evolution of unusual social skills in our own species. The study of convergent evolution provides an exciting opportunity to gain further insights into the evolutionary processes leading to human-like forms of cooperation and communication. | ||||
Address | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany. hare@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16061417 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 546 | ||
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Author | Dunbar, R. | ||||
Title | Evolution of the social brain | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 302 | Issue | 5648 | Pages | 1160-1161 |
Keywords | Animals; Animals, Wild; *Cognition; Endorphins/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Grooming; Hierarchy, Social; Language; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Papio/physiology/*psychology; *Reproduction; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Support; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
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Address | School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk | ||||
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ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:14615522 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 548 | ||
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Author | Zhou, W.-X.; Sornette, D.; Hill, R.A.; Dunbar, R.I.M. | ||||
Title | Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
Volume | 272 | Issue | 1561 | Pages | 439-444 |
Keywords | Anthropology, Cultural; *Group Structure; Humans; *Models, Biological; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment | ||||
Abstract | The 'social brain hypothesis' for the evolution of large brains in primates has led to evidence for the coevolution of neocortical size and social group sizes, suggesting that there is a cognitive constraint on group size that depends, in some way, on the volume of neural material available for processing and synthesizing information on social relationships. More recently, work on both human and non-human primates has suggested that social groups are often hierarchically structured. We combine data on human grouping patterns in a comprehensive and systematic study. Using fractal analysis, we identify, with high statistical confidence, a discrete hierarchy of group sizes with a preferred scaling ratio close to three: rather than a single or a continuous spectrum of group sizes, humans spontaneously form groups of preferred sizes organized in a geometrical series approximating 3-5, 9-15, 30-45, etc. Such discrete scale invariance could be related to that identified in signatures of herding behaviour in financial markets and might reflect a hierarchical processing of social nearness by human brains. | ||||
Address | State Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China | ||||
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ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15734699 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 549 | ||
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Author | Janik, V.M. | ||||
Title | Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 289 | Issue | 5483 | Pages | 1355-1357 |
Keywords | Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/*physiology; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; *Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
Abstract | Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually. | ||||
Address | School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK | ||||
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ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:10958783 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 550 | ||
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Author | Reeve, H. Kern | ||||
Title | Evolutionarily stable communication between kin: a general model | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
Volume | 264 | Issue | (1384) | Pages | 1037-1040. |
Keywords | Signalling Systems | ||||
Abstract | At present, the most general evolutionary theory of honest communication is Grafen's model of Zahavi's 'handicap' signalling system, in which honesty of signals about the signaller's quality (e.g. mate suitability or fighting ability) is maintained by the differentially high cost of signals to signallers having lower quality. The latter model is here further generalized to include any communication between signallers and receivers that are genetically related (e.g. parents and begging offspring, cooperative or competing siblings). Signalling systems involving relatives are shown to be evolutionarily stable, despite a potential pay-off for false signalling, if the Zahavian assumption of differential signal costs holds and there are diminishing reproductive returns to the signaller as the receiver's assessed value of its attribute increases, or if, regardless of whether the Zahavian assumption holds, signallers with high values of the attribute benefit more from a given receiver assessment than signallers with low values (e.g. begging chicks that are hungrier benefit more from being fed). In stable systems of signalling among kin, it is also shown to be generally true that (i) levels of signalling and thus observed signal costs will decline as relatedness increases or as the receiver's reproductive penalty for erroneous assessment increases, and (ii) receivers will consistently, altruistically overestimate the true value of the signalled attribute. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 557 | ||
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