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Author | Allen, C. | ||||
Title | Transitive inference in animals: Reasoning or conditioned associations? | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Rational Animals? | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 175-186 | ||
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Abstract | It is widely accepted that many species of nonhuman animals appear to engage in transitive inference, producing appropriate responses to novel pairings of non-adjacent members of an ordered series without previous experience of these pairings. Some researchers have taken this capability as providing direct evidence that these animals reason. Others resist such declarations, favouring instead explanations in terms of associative conditioning. Associative accounts of transitive inference have been refined in application to a simple 5-element learning task that is the main paradigm for laboratory investigations of the phenomenon, but it remains unclear how well those accounts generalise to more information-rich environments such as social hierarchies which may contain scores of individuals, and where rapid learning is important. The case of transitive inference is an example of a more general dispute between proponents of associative accounts and advocates of more cognitive accounts of animal behaviour. Examination of the specific details of transitive inference suggests some lessons for the wider debate. |
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Address | Texas A&M University | ||||
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Publisher | Oxford University Press | Place of Publication | Oxford | Editor | Hurley, S.; Nudds, M. |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-0-19-852827-2 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 611 | ||
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Author | Sovrano, V.A.; Rainoldi, C.; Bisazza, A.; Vallortigara, G. | ||||
Title | Roots of brain specializations: preferential left-eye use during mirror-image inspection in six species of teleost fish | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Behavioural Brain Research | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain. Res. |
Volume | 106 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 175-180 |
Keywords | Predator fixation; Fish; Left-eye preference | ||||
Abstract | It has recently been reported that predator inspection is more likely to occur when a companion (i.e. the mirror image of the test animal) is visible on the left rather than on the right side of mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. This very unexpected outcome could be consistent with the hypothesis of a preferential use of the right eye during sustained fixation of a predator as well as of a preferential use of the left eye during fixation of conspecifics. We measured the time spent in monocular viewing during inspection of their own mirror images in females of six species of fish, belonging to different families--G. holbrooki, Xenotoca eiseni, Phoxinus phoxinus, Pterophyllum scalare, Xenopoecilus sarasinorum, and Trichogaster trichopterus. Results revealed a consistent left-eye preference during sustained fixation in all of the five species. Males of G. holbrooki, which do not normally show any social behaviour, did not exhibit any eye preferences during mirror-image inspection. We found, however, that they could be induced to manifest a left-eye preference, likewise females, if tested soon after capture, when some affiliative tendencies can be observed. These findings add to current evidence in a variety of vertebrate species for preferential involvement of structures located in the right side of the brain in response to the viewing of conspecifics. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 614 | ||
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Author | Keay, J.M.; Singh, J.; Gaunt, M.C.; Kaur, T. | ||||
Title | Fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites as indicators of stress in various mammalian species: a literature review | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians | Abbreviated Journal | J Zoo Wildl Med |
Volume | 37 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 234-244 |
Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Wild/metabolism; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods/veterinary; Circadian Rhythm; Conservation of Natural Resources; *Ecosystem; Feces/*chemistry; Glucocorticoids/*analysis/metabolism; Humans; Seasons; Species Specificity; Specimen Handling/methods/veterinary; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism | ||||
Abstract | Conservation medicine is a discipline in which researchers and conservationists study and respond to the dynamic interplay between animals, humans, and the environment. From a wildlife perspective, animal species are encountering stressors from numerous sources. With the rapidly increasing human population, a corresponding increased demand for food, fuel, and shelter; habitat destruction; and increased competition for natural resources, the health and well-being of wild animal populations is increasingly at risk of disease and endangerment. Scientific data are needed to measure the impact that human encroachment is having on wildlife. Nonbiased biometric data provide a means to measure the amount of stress being imposed on animals from humans, the environment, and other animals. The stress response in animals functions via glucocorticoid metabolism and is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Fecal glucocorticoids, in particular, may be an extremely useful biometric test, since sample collection is noninvasive to subjects and, therefore, does not introduce other variables that may alter assay results. For this reason, many researchers and conservationists have begun to use fecal glucocorticoids as a means to measure stress in various animal species. This review article summarizes the literature on many studies in which fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites have been used to assess stress levels in various mammalian species. Variations between studies are the main focus of this review. Collection methods, storage conditions, shipping procedures, and laboratory techniques utilized by different researchers are discussed. | ||||
Address | Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 0442 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1042-7260 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17319120 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 616 | ||
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Author | Hall, C. | ||||
Title | The impact of visual perception on equine learning | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | Pages | 29-33 | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 619 | ||
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Author | McCall, C.A. | ||||
Title | Making equine learning research applicable to training procedures | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 27-28 |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 623 | ||
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Author | Hothersall, B.; Nicol, C. | ||||
Title | Equine learning behaviour: accounting for ecological constraints and relationships with humans in experimental design | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 45-48 |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 632 | ||
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Author | ANDREWS, R.C. | ||||
Title | The mongolian wild ass | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1933 | Publication | Natural History | Abbreviated Journal | Natural History |
Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 3-16 | |
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Notes | from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 640 | ||
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Author | Bergman, T.J.; Beehner, J.C.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. | ||||
Title | Hierarchical classification by rank and kinship in baboons | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 302 | Issue | 5648 | Pages | 1234-1236 |
Keywords | Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; *Cognition; Family; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Language; *Papio/psychology; Social Dominance; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
Abstract | Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether such rule-governed, hierarchical classifications are specific to humans or might also occur in nonlinguistic species. Here we show that baboons recognize that a dominance hierarchy can be subdivided into family groups. In playback experiments, baboons respond more strongly to call sequences mimicking dominance rank reversals between families than within families, indicating that they classify others simultaneously according to both individual rank and kinship. The selective pressures imposed by complex societies may therefore have favored cognitive skills that constitute an evolutionary precursor to some components of human cognition. | ||||
Address | Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thore@sas.upenn.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:14615544 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 689 | ||
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Author | Heyes, C.M. | ||||
Title | Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | Abbreviated Journal | Biol. Rev. |
Volume | 69 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 207-231 |
Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University College London | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1464-7931 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:8054445 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 708 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C.J.; Pope, S.J. | ||||
Title | The effects of demonstrator social status and prior foraging success on social learning in laying hens | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 163-171 |
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Abstract | Opportunities for social learning within a group of animals are likely to be influenced by the social dynamics of that group. Some individuals may be more influential demonstrators than others even when there are no differences in their skill level or performance. In this study of domestic hens,Gallus gallus domesticus, differences in demonstrator salience were examined. From 24 separate flocks we selected as demonstrators a dominant cockerel, a dominant hen, a mid-ranking hen or a subordinate hen. Demonstrators were pretrained to perform an operant discrimination task to obtain food. Six observers from each flock individually watched the demonstrator perform the task for four 5-min sessions held on consecutive days. On the fifth day observers were tested individually in the operant chamber. We analysed data from 19 flocks, where there were no quantitative differences in demonstrator performance. Observer hens of relatively high social status performed more correct operant pecks than observer hens of relatively low social status. Demonstrator category also had a significant effect on subsequent observer behaviour. Hens that had observed cockerels performed very few general pecks or operant pecks. Hens that had observed dominant hens performed more operant pecks, but hens that had observed sub-ordinate hens performed more general pecks in the chamber. The results suggested either that there was an interaction between dominance and gender in demonstrator salience or that dominant hens might have been influential because of some factor imperfectly associated with their dominance status. A possible candidate was the foraging ability of the dominant hens. In a second experiment using the same protocol, we manipulated the prior foraging success of dominant hens from four additional flocks but this had no significant effect on their subsequent influence as demonstrators. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 715 | ||
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