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Author |
Artzy-Randrup, Y.; Fleishman, S.J.; Ben-Tal, N.; Stone, L. |
Title |
Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks” |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Science |
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Science |
Volume |
305 |
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5687 |
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1107c |
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10.1126/science.1099334 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5037 |
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Author |
List, C. |
Title |
Democracy in animal groups: a political science perspective |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol Evol |
Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
168-169 |
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English |
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0169-5347 |
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PMID:16701250 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5137 |
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Author |
Aberle, K.S.; Hamann, H.; Drögemüller, C.; Distl, O. |
Title |
Genetic diversity in German draught horse breeds compared with a group of primitive, riding and wild horses by means of microsatellite DNA markers |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Gen. |
Volume |
35 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
270-277 |
Keywords |
diversity; endangered breeds; genetic variation; horse; microsatellite |
Abstract |
Summary We compared the genetic diversity and distance among six German draught horse breeds to wild (Przewalski's Horse), primitive (Icelandic Horse, Sorraia Horse, Exmoor Pony) or riding horse breeds (Hanoverian Warmblood, Arabian) by means of genotypic information from 30 microsatellite loci. The draught horse breeds included the South German Coldblood, Rhenish German Draught Horse, Mecklenburg Coldblood, Saxon Thuringa Coldblood, Black Forest Horse and Schleswig Draught Horse. Despite large differences in population sizes, the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed little among the heavy horse breeds (0.64�0.71), but was considerably lower than in the Hanoverian Warmblood or Icelandic Horse population. The mean number of alleles (NA) decreased more markedly with declining population sizes of German draught horse breeds (5.2�6.3) but did not reach the values of Hanoverian Warmblood (NA = 6.7). The coefficient of differentiation among the heavy horse breeds showed 11.6% of the diversity between the heavy horse breeds, as opposed to 21.2% between the other horse populations. The differentiation test revealed highly significant genetic differences among all draught horse breeds except the Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldbloods. The Schleswig Draught Horse was the most distinct draught horse breed. In conclusion, the study demonstrated a clear distinction among the German draught horse breeds and even among breeds with a very short history of divergence like Rhenish German Draught Horse and its East German subpopulations Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldblood. |
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Blackwell Science Ltd |
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1365-2052 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5184 |
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Author |
Eckardt, G.; Windhofer, A. |
Title |
Untersuchung der Beanspruchung von Pferden während Isolation und beim Verladen |
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2004 |
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Master's thesis |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5190 |
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Author |
Hois, C. |
Title |
Feldstudie zur Gewichtsentwicklung und Gewichtsschätzung beim wachsenden Pferd |
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2004 |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5204 |
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Author |
Pongrácz, P; Miklósi, Á; Timár-Geng, K; Csányi, V. |
Title |
Verbal Attention Getting as a Key Factor in Social Learning Between Dog (Canis familiaris) and Human. |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
Volume |
118 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
375-383. |
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Pet dogs (Canis familiaris) learn to detour a V-shaped fence effectively from an unfamiliar human demonstrator. In this article, 4 main features of the demonstrator's behavior are highlighted: (a) the manipulation of the target, (b) the familiarity of the demonstrator, (c) the role of verbal attention-getting behavior, and (d) whether a strange trained dog could also be an effective demonstrator. The results show that the main factor of a successful human demonstration is the continuous verbal communication with the dog during detouring. It was also found that an unfamiliar dog demonstrator was as efficient as the unfamiliar experimenter. The experiments provide evidence that in adult dogs, communicative context with humans is needed for effective interspecific social learning to take place. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5218 |
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Author |
Sands, J.; Creel, S. |
Title |
Social dominance, aggression and faecal glucocorticoid levels in a wild population of wolves, Canis lupus |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
387-396 |
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Abstract |
Adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) secretion is an important component of the response to stress in vertebrates. A short-term increase in circulating GCs serves to redirect energy from processes that can be briefly curtailed without harm, allowing energy to be directed towards eliminating or avoiding the stressor. In contrast, prolonged elevation of GCs can cause a broad range of pathologies, including reproductive suppression. We examined whether social subordination in wolves leads to chronically elevated GC levels, and whether this [`]social stress' causes reproductive suppression of subordinates in cooperatively breeding species. Behavioural and endocrine data collected over 2 years from three packs of free-living wolves in Yellowstone National Park did not support this hypothesis. GC levels were significantly higher in dominant wolves than in subordinates, for both sexes, in all packs, in both years of study. Unlike other cooperatively breeding carnivores (e.g. dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula, and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus), high GCs in dominant wolves were not associated with high rates of aggression or agonistic interaction. Aggression increased for wolves of all ranks during mating periods, accompanied by a significant rise in GC levels. If chronic elevation of GCs carries fitness costs, then social stress in wolves (and many other social species) is a cost of dominance, not a consequence of subordination. The specific behavioural correlates of dominance that affect GC levels appear to vary among species, even those with similar social systems. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5222 |
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Author |
Monfort, S. |
Title |
Przewalski’s Horse (Equus przewalskii) Species Survival Plan |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
PROCEEDINGS OF THE EAZA EQUID TAG MEETING FROM 5TH TO 9TH MAY 2004 AT HORTOBÁGY NATIONAL PARK, HUNGARY |
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A Master Planning meeting for the Asian wild horse, or Przewalski’s horse, was held 14th –15th April 2004 at the National Zoological Park’s Conservation and Research Center (CRC) in Front Royal, Virginia. The overall objectives of the meeting were to 1) develop a strategy to maximize genetic diversity and improve demographics, 2) make specific breeding recommendations, 3) establish ex situ research priorities, and 4) discuss strategies for ensuring that the North American herd contributes to the global managed population, as well as ongoing in situ conservation programs. Of particular importance were discussions focused on whether to continue managing the North American herd as two separate bloodlines — the A- and B-lines — or to manage the entire population using an M-line, or mixed-line strategy, designed to maximize founder representation and genetic diversity. The Equid Taxon Advisory Group has currently designated a target population of 150 specimens for this species. The current SSP population is 154 individuals distributed among 18 institutions (15 AZA, 3 non-AZA), of which San Diego Zoo, the Wilds, Minnesota Zoo, Calgary Zoo, the Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo and the National Zoological Park were represented at the Master Planning meeting. |
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Smithonian’s National Zoo, Front Royal, USA |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5301 |
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Author |
Ghirlanda, S.; Vallortigara, G. |
Title |
The evolution of brain lateralization: a game-theoretical analysis of population structure |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
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Volume |
271 |
Issue |
1541 |
Pages |
853-857 |
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Abstract |
In recent years, it has become apparent that behavioural and brain lateralization at the population level is the rule rather than the exception among vertebrates. The study of these phenomena has so far been the province of neurology and neuropsychology. Here, we show how such research can be integrated with evolutionary biology to understand lateralization more fully. In particular, we address the fact that, within a species, left– and right–type individuals often occur in proportions different from one–half (e.g. hand use in humans). The traditional explanations offered for lateralization of brain function (that it may avoid unnecessary duplication of neural circuitry and reduce interference between functions) cannot account for this fact, because increased individual efficiency is unrelated to the alignment of lateralization at the population level. A further puzzle is that such an alignment may even be disadvantageous, as it makes individual behaviour more predictable to other organisms. Here, we show that alignment of the direction of behavioural asymmetries in a population can arise as an evolutionarily stable strategy when individual asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behaviour with that of other asymmetrical organisms. Brain and behavioural lateralization, as we know it in humans and other vertebrates, may have evolved under basically ‘social’ selection pressures. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5345 |
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Author |
da Costa, A.P.; Leigh, A.E.; Man, M.-S.; Kendrick, K.M. |
Title |
Face pictures reduce behavioural, autonomic, endocrine and neural indices of stress and fear in sheep |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. |
Volume |
271 |
Issue |
1552 |
Pages |
2077-2084 |
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Faces are highly emotive stimuli and we find smiling or familiar faces both attractive and comforting, even as young babies. Do other species with sophisticated face recognition skills, such as sheep, also respond to the emotional significance of familiar faces? We report that when sheep experience social isolation, the sight of familiar sheep face pictures compared with those of goats or inverted triangles significantly reduces behavioural (activity and protest vocalizations), autonomic (heart rate) and endocrine (cortisol and adrenaline) indices of stress. They also increase mRNA expression of activity–dependent genes (c–fos and zif/268) in brain regions specialized for processing faces (temporal and medial frontal cortices and basolateral amygdala) and for emotional control (orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex), and reduce their expression in regions associated with stress responses (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus) and fear (central and lateral amygdala). Effects on face recognition, emotional control and fear centres are restricted to the right brain hemisphere. Results provide evidence that face pictures may be useful for relieving stress caused by unavoidable social isolation in sheep, and possibly other animal species, including humans. The finding that sheep, like humans, appear to have a right brain hemisphere involvement in the control of negative emotional experiences also suggests that functional lateralization of brain emotion systems may be a general feature in mammals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5354 |
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