| Records |
| Author |
Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A. |
| Title |
Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
177-185 |
| Keywords |
Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens |
| Abstract |
Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance. |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3603 |
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| Author |
Darwin , Charles |
| Title |
The Descent of Man; Reprint edition |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
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Prometheus Books; |
Place of Publication |
Amherst, New York |
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ISBN |
978-1573921763 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4095 |
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| Author |
Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. |
| Title |
Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
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| Abstract |
ntended for graduate and upper level undergraduate courses in behavioural ecology where students are already familiar with the basic ideas, this book continues to define the subject. A completely new set of contributions has been brought together once more to take account of the many exciting new developments in the field. Each chapter presents a balanced view of the subject, integrating a clear exposition of the theory with a critical discussion of how predictions have been tested by experiments and comparative studies. In addition, the book points to unreconciled issues and possible future developments. Edited by two of the most highly regarded experts in the field, this new volume contains contributions from an international authorship and continues the tradition of clarity and accessibility established by the three previous editions. |
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Blackwell Science |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge, Mass. |
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0865427313 9780865427310 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 |
Serial |
4276 |
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| Author |
Giraldeau, Luc-Alain |
| Title |
The ecology of information use |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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| Publisher |
Blackwell Science |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge, Mass. |
Editor |
Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. |
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0865427313 9780865427310 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 |
Serial |
4277 |
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| Author |
unknown |
| Title |
Personality and Personality Disorders |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
195-207 |
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| Publisher |
W. H. Freeman and Company |
Place of Publication |
New York |
Editor |
Plomin, R.; DeFries, J.C.; McClearn, G.E.;Rutter, M. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
3 |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4283 |
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| Author |
Beaugrand, J.P |
| Title |
Relative importance of initial individual differences, agonistic experience, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation: a simulation study |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
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Pages |
177-192 |
| Keywords |
Dominance; Hierarchy formation; RHP; Agonistic experience; Assessment; Self-organization; Simulation |
| Abstract |
This simulation study explores some conditions leading to transitivity within dominance orders. Combinations of three parameters were varied to study their consequences upon hierarchy formation and upon the degree of linearity of resultant structures. The factors studied were: (1) the importance of initial resource holding potentials (RHPs); (2) changes brought in RHPs by successive victories and defeats; and (3) accuracy of RHP assessment made by opponents. Results show that initial differences in RHP always lead to perfectly transitive chains whose rank order reflects the importance of initial differences. Even when simulated animals make important errors while assessing each other during round robin tournaments, emerging dominance structures are perfectly linear and ranks obtained in the structure are highly correlated with initial values in RHPs. Moreover, accumulated experiences of victory and/or defeat alone always lead to perfectly linear hierarchies. Their combination with initial individual differences in RHP led to the same conclusion. Even when assessment was far from being perfect, not only perfect chains were formed but initial values in RHPs significantly influenced rank order when the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP was relatively unimportant. The higher the importance of victory and defeat to RHP as compared to that of initial RHP values, the lower was the correlation between initial RHP values and the ranks order reached by individuals in the resultant hierarchies. In general also, the lower the variation within initial RHPs, the lower was the correlation between initial RHPs and ranks in the hierarchy. At a given level of initial RHP dispersion, increasing the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP diminished the correlation between initial RHP values and obtained ranks. In addition, inaccurate assessment reduced the overall correlation, especially when dispersion of initial RHP values was low and the contribution of victory and defeat relatively unimportant. These results shed some light on the controversy about the respective roles of initial individual attributes and that of patterns of resolution in the formation of animal hierarchies. We present the emergence of social order within closed systems as those simulated here as a case of self-organization. |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4290 |
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| Author |
Beaugrand, J.P. |
| Title |
Relative importance of initial individual differences, victory and defeat experiences, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation: A simulation study |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Cogprints |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
177-192 |
| Keywords |
Dominance; Hierarchy formation; RHP; agonistic experience; Assessment; Self-organization; Simulation |
| Abstract |
This simulation study explores some conditions leading to transitivity within dominance orders. Combinations of three parameters were varied to study their consequences upon hierarchy formation and upon the degree of linearity of resultant structures. The factors studied were (i) the importance of initial Resource Holding Potentials (RHPs) , (ii) changes brought in RHPs by successive victories and defeats, and (iii) accuracy of RHP assessment made by opponents. Results show that initial differences in RHP always lead to perfectly transitive chains whose rank order reflects the importance of initial differences. Even when simulated animals make important errors while assessing each other during round robin tournaments, emerging dominance structures are perfectly linear and ranks obtained in the structure are highly correlated with initial values in RHPs. Moreover, accumulated experiences of victory and/or defeat alone always lead to perfectly linear hierarchies. Their combination with initial individual differences in RHP led to the same conclusion. Even when assessment was far from being perfect, not only perfect chains were formed but initial values in RHPs significantly influenced rank order when the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP was relatively unimportant. The higher the importance of victory and defeat to RHP as compared to that of initial RHP values, the lower was the correlation between initial RHP values and the ranks order reached by individuals in the resultant hierarchies. In general also, the lower the variation within initial RHPs, the lower was the correlation between initial RHPs and ranks in the hierarchy. At a given level of initial RHP dispersion, increasing the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP diminished the correlation between initial RHP values and obtained ranks. In addition, inaccurate assessment reduced the overall correlation, especially when dispersion of initial RHP values was low and the contribution of victory and defeat was high. These results shed some light on the controversy about the respective roles of initial individual attributes and that of patterns of resolution in the formation of animal hierarchies. We present the emergence of social order within closed systems as those simulated here as a case of self-organization. |
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Elsevier |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ cogprints:1965 |
Serial |
4291 |
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| Author |
Tomasello, M.; Call,J |
| Title |
Primate Cognition |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Oxford University Press |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oxf. Univ. Pr. |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| Abstract |
Description
Ever since Charles Darwin first formulated his theories on evolution, much research has been conducted in primate cognition. In this book, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call review what is already known about the cognitive skills of nonhuman primates, and assess the current state of our knowledge. They integrate empirical findings on the topic from the beginning of the century to the present, placing this work in theoretical perspective. The first part examines the way primates adapt to their physical world, mostly for the purpose of foraging. The second part lokos at primate social knowledhe and focuses on the adaptations of primates to their social world for purposes of competation and cooperation. In the third section, the authors construct a general theory of primate cognition, distinguishing the cognition in primates from that of other mammals (human in particular). Their broad-ranging theory should provide a guide for future research. Primate Cognition is an enlightening exploration of the cognitive capacities of our nearest primate relatives. It is a useful resource for a eide range of researchers and students in psychology, behavioral biology, primatology, and anthropology. |
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Oxford University Press |
Place of Publication |
Oxford |
Editor |
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Series Title |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
9780195106244 |
Medium |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4424 |
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| Author |
Kaseda, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Khalil, A.M. |
| Title |
Causes of natal dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation in Misaki feral horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
262-266 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology/psychology; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
Misaki feral horses were separated into 2 herds and the difference between dispersal from natal group (natal dispersal) and dispersal from natal area (natal emigration) was studied. The causes of dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation were studied 1979-1994. The number of horses ranged from 73 (mature males: 8, mature females: 26, young males: 8, young females: 3, colt foals: 6, filly foals: 10 and geldings: 12) in 1979 and 86 (mature males: 14, mature females: 37, young males: 12, young females: 7, colt foals: 5, filly foals: 7 and geldings: 4) in 1994 when the present study ended. All 29 males which survived to age 4 years and 58 females which survived to age 3 years left their natal or mother groups at age one to 3. Seventeen of 22 dispersing males and 29 of 39 dispersing females left their natal groups around the birth of their siblings and significant correlations were found between natal dispersal and birth of a sibling. The number of emigrating young males correlated negatively and significantly with the total number of young males in another herd and the number of emigrating young females correlated positively and significantly with the total number of young females in the natal herd. All 13 emigrating stallions which survived to age 5 years formed stable harem groups and a significant correlation was found between natal emigration and harem formation. Twenty-three of 35 resident mares formed stable consort relations with harem stallions and a significant correlation was found between residence and formation of stable consort relations. |
| Address |
Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki-shi, 889-21, Japan |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0425-1644 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15338905 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4630 |
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| Author |
Lefebvre, L.; Whittle, P.; Lascaris, E.; Finkelstein, A. |
| Title |
Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
53 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
549-560 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
The links between ecology, behavioural plasticity and brain size are often tested via the comparative method. Given the problems in interpretating comparative tests of learning and cognition, however, alternative measures of plasticity need to be developed. From the short notes section of nine ornithological journals, two separate, exhaustive data sets have been collated on opportunistic foraging innovations in birds of North America (1973-1993;N=196) and the British Isles (1983-1993;N=126). Both the absolute and relative frequencies (corrected for species number per order) of innovations differ between bird orders in a similar fashion in the two geographical zones. Absolute and relative frequency of innovations per order are also related to two measures of relative forebrain size in the two zones. The study confirms predicted trends linking opportunism, brain size and rate of structural evolution. It also suggests that innovation rate in the field may be a useful measure of behavioural plasticity. |
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0003-3472 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4740 |
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