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Author |
Alexander, R, MCN et al |
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Title |
Fast locomotion of some african ungulates |
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Year |
1977 |
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Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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183 |
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3 |
Pages |
291-300 |
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Abstract |
ABSTRACT
Ten species of ungulate were filmed, galloping in their natural habitat. They ranged in size from Thomson's gazelle (about 20 kg) to giraffe (about 1000 kg). They were pursued to make them run as fast as possible. The films have been analysed to determine speed, stride frequency, stride and step lengths, and duty factors. The dependence of these quantities on body size is discussed.
Summary:
Fast locomotion of zebra, giraffe, warthog and seven species of Bovidae has been studied. The animals were filmed from a pursuing vehicle while galloping in their natural habitat.
Stride frequency was more closely correlated with limb length (represented by hip height) than with body mass. Mean stride frequency was proportional to (hip height)-0·51 and maximum stride frequency to (hip height) -0·63.
Maximum speed was between 10 and 14 m s -1 for all species except buffalo (7 m s -1). It was not significantly correlated with body mass.
Since the small species ran at least as fast as the large ones they attained higher Froude numbers. Relative stride length was approximately 1·8 (Froude number)0·39 for all species, irrespective of size. Relative step length was approximately 0·65 (Froude number)0·2, both for the fore feet and for the hind ones. The vertical forces exerted by the feet are proportional to (body weight)×(Froude number)0·2 so the forces at maximum speed are larger multiples of body weight for small species than for large ones. |
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from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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130 |
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Author |
Anderson , M.C.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Title |
Behavioral adaptation to fixed-interval and fixed-time food delivery in golden hamsters |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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27 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
33-49 |
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Abstract |
Food-deprived golden hamsters in a large enclosure received food every 30 sec contingent on lever pressing, or free while their behavior was continuously recorded in terms of an exhaustive classification of motor patterns. As with other species in other situations, behavior became organized into two main classes. One (terminal behaviors) increased in probability throughout interfood intervals; the other (interim behaviors) peaked earlier in interfood intervals. Which class an activity belonged to was independent of whether food was contingent on lever pressing. When food was omitted on some of the intervals (thwarting), the terminal activities began sooner in the next interval, and different interim activities changed in different ways. The interim activities did not appear to be schedule-induced in the usual sense. Rather, the hamsters left the area of the feeder when food was not due and engaged in activities they would normally perform in the experimental environment. |
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English |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:16811980 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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388 |
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Author |
Berger, J. |
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Title |
Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon |
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Journal Article |
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1977 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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2 |
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2 |
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131-146 |
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1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition.
2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display.
3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands.
4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader.
5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures. |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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748 |
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Author |
Knill, L.M.; Eagleton, R.D.; Harver, E. |
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Title |
Physical optics of the equine eye |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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38 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
735-737 |
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Keywords |
visual system function; Ocular Physiology |
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The equine eye was treated as a general lens system and calculations were done to determine image position in relation to the retina for objects at a distance of infinity, 100 m, and 1 m. The retina is 19.1 mm behind the posterior surface of the lens; therefore, the image appears 14.6 mm posterior to the retina at infinity and at 100 m, and 16.3 mm at 1-m distance on a horizontal axis. The animals studied were hyperopic. It is evident that the horse must move its head or eye, or both, for optimal visual acuity. At the same time, some objects in the total field of vision are imperceptible or indistinct. |
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00029645 (Issn) |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 15 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Knill, L.M. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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852 |
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Author |
Bard Jbl, |
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Title |
A unity underlying the different zebra stripping patterns |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool Lond |
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Volume |
183 |
Issue |
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Pages |
527-539 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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923 |
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Author |
Francis-Smith, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
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Title |
Copropgagia as seen in thoroughbred foals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
155-157 |
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Keywords |
animal; article; coprophagy; defecation; eating; female; horse; horse disease; human; mastication |
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Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1090 |
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Author |
HANSEN et al, |
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Title |
Foods of wild horses, deer and cattle in the Douglas Mountain Area, Colorado |
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1977 |
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J Range Mgmt |
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30 |
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116-118 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1158 |
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Author |
Klingel H, |
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Title |
Observations on Social Organization and Behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and E. hemionus) |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
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44 |
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323-331 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1309 |
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Klingel H, |
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Title |
Eine feine Gesellschaft. |
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1977 |
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GEo |
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GEo |
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10 |
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106-120 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1310 |
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Author |
Ödberg Fo, |
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Title |
Studies on the formation of ungrazed eleminative areas in fields used by horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Ethol |
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3 |
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27-34 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1429 |
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