Thouless, C. R., & Guinness, F. E. (1986). Conflict between red deer hinds: the winner always wins. Anim. Behav., 34(4), 1166–1171.
Abstract: Dominance relations between free-living, female red deer (hinds) (Cervus elaphus L.) on the Isle of Rhum, Scotland, were investigated. Most interactions were won by the older hind of the pair and this was the case even when both individuals had reached full body size. The younger hind was more likely to be the winner if the conflict was escalated or if the two hinds were strangers, in which case escalation was more frequent than usual. When outside their normal home range, older hinds were much more likely to lose, and younger ones more likely to win, than usual. These results can be best explained by the hinds using previous experience as a cue for conventional resolution of conflict, with the result that dominance relationships established early in life are perpetuated. No such cue is available if the hinds have not previously met.
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Zumpe, D., & Michael, R. P. (1986). Dominance index: A simple measure of relative dominance status in primates. Am. J. Primatol., 10(4), 291–300.
Abstract: A simple measure of relative dominance status (cardinal rank) is described which we have termed the dominance index. Like more familiar techniques for assessing rank order, it is based on the direction of aggressive and submissive behaviors between all possible paired combinations of animals in a social group. Using data from five groups of female rhesus monkeys, it reliably produced the same ordinal ranks as fight interaction matrices. There was also good agreement with the cardinal ranks produced by two additional measures of dominance and with those produced by observer ratings. The dominance index can be calculated when fights have not actually occurred and is largely independent of the frequency of agonistic interactions. It has, therefore, wide application and can estimate dominance during brief sampling periods (one hour) and also in stable groups when agonistic interactions are low. Its application is described in experiments in which the male in a group of females was changed and the hormonal status of the females was altered. Estrogen increased female dominance status relative to other females.
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Berg Wa,. (1986). Effective population size estimates and breeding in feral horses: A preliminary assessment. J Equine Vet. Sc., 6, 240–245.
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Boyles Js,. (1986). Managing America's wild horses and burros. J Equine Vet. Sc., 6, 261.
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Schusdziarra, H., Schusdziarra, V. (1986). Reitergespräche – Der Weg zum unabhängigen Sitz.
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Fao,. (1986). The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia. JO FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Animal Production and Health Paper, 61.
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Godfrey Eb, L. P. (1986). Wild horsres mangement: An economic perspective. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 266–273.
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Jones We,. (1986). Genetic recreation of wild horses. J. Equine Vet Sc, 6, 246–249.
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Keiper Rr,. (1986). The Przewalski horse ecosystem: programs and progress. In Majumdaret al : Endangered and threatened species programs in Pensylvania and other States.
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Kirkpatrick Jf,. (1986). Feral horses: The basic problems. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 222.
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