Keiper, R. R. (1986). Social structure. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 2(3), 465–484.
Abstract: Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
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Craig, J. V. (1986). Measuring social behavior: social dominance. J. Anim Sci., 62(4), 1120–1129.
Abstract: Social dominance develops more slowly when young animals are kept in intact peer groups where they need not compete for resources. Learned generalizations may cause smaller and weaker animals to accept subordinate status readily when confronted with strangers that would be formidable opponents. Sexual hormones and sensitivity to them can influence the onset of aggression and status attained. After dominance orders are established, they tend to be stable in female groups but are less so in male groups. Psychological influences can affect dominance relationships when strangers meet and social alliances within groups may affect relative status of individuals. Whether status associated with agonistic behavior is correlated with control of space and scarce resources needs to be determined for each species and each kind of resource. When such correlations exists, competitive tests and agonistic behavior associated with gaining access to scarce resources can be useful to the observer in learning about dominance relationships rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate how estimates of social dominance can be readily attained and some strengths and weaknesses of the various methods.
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Cox Je,. (1986). Behaviour of the false rig: Causes and treatments. Vet Record, 118, 353–356.
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Eisenmann V,. (1986). Comparative osteology of modern and fossil horses, half-asses and asses. (pp. 67–116).
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Eisenmann V, U. H. - P. (1986). Identification and discrimination of Equus metapodials. (pp. 118–163).
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George Jr M, R. O. (1986). Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the genus Equus. Molecular Biol Evol, 3, 535–546.
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GRAHAM A et al,. (1986). An aerial survey of horses and other karge animals in Alice Springs and Gulf regions. Cons Comm North Terr Alice Springs Techn Rep, .
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Groves Cp,. (1986). The taxonomy, distribution and adaptations of recent equids. In: Equids in the ancient world 11-51, .
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Groves Cp,. (1986). The taxonomy, distrubution, and adaptations of recent equids. Tübinger Atlas Vorderer Orient Beihefte Reihe A 19, , 11–65.
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Klingel H,. (1986). Die Evolution der Sozialen Organisation der Equiden. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges, 79, 176.
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