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Taylor El,. (). Grazing behaviour and helminthic disease. Brit J Anim Behav, 2, 61–62.
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Schilder Mbh, B. P. (1987). Ethological investigations on a herd of Plains Zebra in a safari park: Time – budgets, reproduction and food competition. App Anim Behav Sci, 18, 45–56.
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Ruckebusch Y,. (1972). The relevance of drowsiness in the circadian cycle of farm animals. Anim Beh, 20, 637–643.
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Penzhorn Bl, N. P. Some behavioural traits of Cape Mountain Zebras and their implications for the management of a small conservation animal. Appl Anim Behav Sci, .
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HOGAN ES et al,. (1988). The effect of enclosure size on sozial interactions and daily activity patterns of the captive asiatic wild horse. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 21, 147–168.
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Franke Stevens E,. (1988). Contents between bands of feral horses for access to fresh water: the resident wins. Anim Beh, 36(6), 1851–1853.
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DUNCAN P et al,. (1984). Reduction of inbreeding in a natural herd of horses. Anim Beh av, 32, 520–527.
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Treichler, F. R., & Van Tilburg, D. (1996). Concurrent Conditional Discrimination Tests of Transitive Inference by Macaque Monkeys: List Linking. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 22(1), 105–117.
Abstract: Processing of serial information was assessed by training six macaques on a five-item list of objects arranged into the four conditional pairs, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+, and D-E+. An analogous list (F through J) was similarly trained. Subsequently, both lists were linked by training on E-F+, a pair that provided adjacent elements from each list. Then, all unique and trained object pairs from both lists were presented as a test. Results indicated that the objects were retained as a single, linearly organized list with choice accuracy directly related to interitem distance between paired objects. A second experiment explored the consequences of incidence of conflicting information on list organization. In both experiments, selections depended on representational processes and supported the view that monkeys and pigeons retain serial lists in qualitatively different ways.
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Shettleworth, S. J. (1978). Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 4(2), 152–169.
Abstract: The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.
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Shettleworth, S. J., & Juergensen, M. R. (1980). Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 6(4), 352–375.
Abstract: Golden hamsters were reinforced with intracranial electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ICS) for spending time engaging in one of seven topographically defined action patterns (APs). The stimulation used as reinforcer elicited hoarding and/or feeding and supported high rates of bar pressing. In Experiment 1, hamsters were reinforced successively for digging, open rearing, and face washing. Digging increased most in time spent, and face washing increased least. Experiments 2-5 examined these effects further and also showed that “scrabbling,” like digging, was performed a large proportion of the time, almost without interruption, for contingent ICS but that scratching the body with a hindleg and scent-marking showed relatively little effect of contingent ICS, the latter even in an environment that facilitated marking. In Experiment 6, naive hamsters received ICS not contingent on behavior every 30 sec (fixed-time 30-sec schedule). Terminal behaviors that developed on this schedule were APs that were easy to reinforce in the other experiments, but a facultative behavior, face washing, was one not so readily reinforced. Experiment 7 confirmed a novel prediction from Experiment 6--that wall rearing, a terminal AP, would be performed at a high level for contingent ICS. All together, the results point to both motivational factors and associative factors being involved in the considerable differences in performance among different reinforced activities.
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